The Caligraph, invented and developed by George W. N. Yost, uses no shift, but has a separate key for each character. In February 1880 a patent for a typewriter was granted James B. Hammond, of New York The type faces were carried on the periphery of sec tors of circles. These were slipped on a verti cal pin and rotated around it. Three such sectors gave three sets of types, thrown into action by two "shifts?' Instead of striking the type against the ribbon and paper, a hammer gave the paper a blow from the back against the ribbon and type-face. The force of the blow came from a spring, so that an even force was always secured. Other classes of machines have no ribbon, but use an inking Pad. Of these the Yost was the most success ful. In 1889 arrived the Smith-Premier ma chine — a double keyboard type-bar machine. It made use of a tri-colored ink-ribbon. The Blickensderfer machine of the type-wheel class entered the field in 1892 and attained great Popularity. After a period its backers put out an electric machine which rendered opera tion very easy. From 1890 to 1905 over 100 new machines were brought out, but few had any distinguishing merit and after a brief career the market was left to the older and standard machines. An exception to this was the Underwood machine of the type-bar class, a "visible° writer from the start. This ma chine is a great favorite with typists because of the ease of manipulation and the high quality of the work. The L. C. Smith machine also proved of enduring quality. Ball-bearings were used to secure smoothness and ease in running. Other more or less successful ma chines are the Oliver, Royal and Monarch. The Oliver can scarcely be called a °visible writer° since only one-third of the line of writing can be seen. This machine has a "double shift° system for which the advantage is claimed that a smaller and simpler key board is rendered possible thereby.
Within recent years writing-machines have been developed for writing on flat cardboards, on a book such as a ledger, to make out bills, tabulate, discount and add several columns of figures. The Elliott-Fisher, the earliest and one of the best of these machines, has a flat platen, about which the machine proper may be moved up or down, right or left, etc. Bookkeeping and adding typewriters have also been put on the market by the makers of standard writing machines such as the Remington and Under wood companies. They have done much to
remove the drudgery from bookkeeping and accounting.
The typewriter became a favorite soon after its introduction in the seventies. It is now regarded as an essential part of all office equipment and even in the home it is coming into general use. Portable machines of ex cellent quality have made it available for travelers, army officers in the field, etc. Maga zines and other periodicals are practically a unit in demanding typewritten "copy° from their correspondents and contributors, be cause of its greater legibility. As regards speed, a rate of 60 words a minute is good ordinary work and is about three times faster than a good penman, a rate of 80-90 words is fast average, while 100 words or over per minute is considered very fast. The record in competition is 143 words per minute. A recent invention is a typewriter with telegraphic at tachment, which makes it possible for an operator to type a message, for instance, in Montreal, and a receiving machine in New York prints the message on a paper after the manner of the ordinary machine. The Patent Office reported on 9 Oct. 1919 that it had issued approximately 7,006 patents covering typewrit ing machines.
Statistics.— Too frequently official statistics include the incidentals under "Typewriters and Supplies" Below are the latest available figures: These establishments or factories were located in the States as follows: Connecticut, 7; New Jersey, 8; New York, 61; other States, 31. In the year 1914 typewriter machines were being produced in 50 establishments with an invested capital of $27,635,000. with an output valued at $19,851,000 and giving em- ployment to 12,654 wage-earners. The .
lowing are the export values of typewriters in recent years: 1908, $6,495,756; 1909, $6,899, 069; 1910, $8,239,510; 1911, $9,778,498; 1912, $11,423,691; 1913, $11,532,364 1914, $10,575, 573; 1915, $5,315,134; 1916, $9,104,189; 1917, $11,162,423; 1918 $7,480,714. The sudden fall in exports after 1914 is, of course, a reflection of the war cutting off Europe from the Ameri can product as well as shortage of ships and contracted credits in neutral countries.