Unemployment insurance has taken rapid strides, even becoming a state measure among several European nations, and has had much discussion in this country. Its purpose is, how ever, the lessening of distress of the unem ployed and is no cure for the disease. The Ghent System holds a high place in this class of labor reform. The National Insurance Act (1911) in England followed the failure of the working of the Unemployed Workmen Act, and was a move in the direction of providing against too great distress of the unemployed, but its small weekly dole does nothing much toward reducing non-employment. Germany has shown the path to a systematic plan of avoiding the non-employment evil with its government free employment offices and bureaus for all classes of labor and its trade committees formed of employers and employees in equal numbers, be sides its citizens' committees in charge of the bureaus. Its free shelters (Herberge) or hotels for journeyman artisans is an ancient institution. These systems are all, possibly, unadaptable to American conditions, without modification, but they lay down methods of con trol that may be shaped into such form as to be practicable in the United States. The amount of public discussion of this enormously import ant subject which has found its way into print may be conjectured by the fact that 'Selected Articles on Unemploent,) compiled by Julia E. Johnsen (New 1915), has a bibliog
raphy of 22 pages.
Bibliography.— American Academy of Po litical and Social Science, 'Employment and Unemployment) (Philadelphia 1915) ; id., 'Steadying Employment) (Philadelphia 1916) ; Beveridge, W. H., 'Unemployment' (London 1900) ; id., 'Unemployment,) list of reports (London 1912) ; Bureau of Labor, 'Report of Unemployment in New York City) (in Bulletin No. 172, Washington, D. C., 1918) ; Diblee, G. B., 'The Laws of Supply and Demand' (Bos ton 1912) • Gibbon, I. G., 'Unemployment In surance) (London 1911) ; Hobson, J. A., 'The Problem of Unemployment' (London 1908) ; Jackson, C., 'Nonemployment and Trade Unions) (London 1910) ; Kellor, F. A., 'Out of Work; a Study of Unemployment' (New York 1915) ; Pigou, A. E., (New York 1913) ; Rowntree, B. S., and Las ker, B., (London 1911); Sar gent, F. B. 'Statistics of Unemployment and Work of Employment Officers' (in Bulletin No. 109, United States Bureau of Labor, Wash ington, D. C., 1917) ; Schloss, D. F., 'Insurance against Unemployment' (London 1909) ; Tay lor, A. O., 'Persistent Public Problems; Unem ployment, etc.) (Boston 1916) ; Williams, W. S., 'The Problem of the Unemployed' (ib. 1917).