Meanwhile Hungarian Bolshevism was un disturbed. No r odeted in Ha. 'ftaly to put it down, it might have beat 1th to its own coarse but for its relation to the terri torial question. The subcommission of the Peace Conference of Himgarian boundaries in terpreting the principle of racial self-determi sawn, reported that Runtania on the east, Jugoslavia on the south, and Czechoslovakia on die north and northwest should have rumt parts•of what had been Hungary. The had been a series of different races held tegether by the politically superior yars, and now the non-Magyar elements were about to be cut off and Hungary left with ing more than the rich Danubian Plain. The three states that benefited by the report did not avrait the action of the Peace Conference, but. making the establishment of Bolshevism a text massed troops to march into the territory diey expected to receive. The diplotnats m Paris were in no condition at that time to serve the status quo and sent General Smuts to Budapest to try to make a compromise. His efforts failed and Rumanian, Serbian and Czech armies crossed into Hungary on 25 April. To save its face the conference sent Gen. Franchet d'Esperey to take command in the name of the Allies, but he seems to have exerted little authority over the Rumanians, who marched quickly to the Theiss River and threatened to enter the capital. Bela Kun was thoroughly alarmed and offered to make peace by recognizing the territorial claims of the in vaders. At the same time he seized many of the prominent citizens as hostages. In the Ru manian army, led by its king, were many Mag yars whose efforts gave the Rumanian invasion the character of a counter-revolution. Bela Kun's soldiers were untrained and unwarlike, and he asked for an armistice with terms. The Rumanians demanded that the communist army be disarmed, war material be surrendered and the hostages be given up, the Rumanians to be left in possession of the right bank of the Theiss for a depth of 12 miles. The Hungarians re fihed these terms and decided to fight for their existence. At the same time die Peace Con ference, not wishing to start a war in Hun gary which migb,t lead to problems that could not be settled easily, induced the invaders to stop where they were and imposed a blockade on the Hunganan Bolshevists. They even in vited Bela to send an agent to Paris that he might talk over the situation with the view of adjusting all differences. On 24 June 1919 there WAS a revolt of the conservatives in Budapest, but the comnwnists suptgssed the uprising, talting many prisoners. to this time Bela Kun had ruled without bloodshed, but now he became severe. He had talcen 50 cadets of the military academy who resisted in the telegraph office until they were induced to surrender, and 40 of them were executed sum marily. As July. passed the effects of the blockade were -plainly felt 'Phe hungry inhab itants read a proclamation from the Allies that they would not make peace with their Bolshe-, vist government and murmurings became louder. Finally Bela Kun bowed to the storm and resigned on 31 July, receiving the promise of a safe conduct out of the kingdom. A mod erate Socialist cabinet was formed to succeed him.
Then affairs took an alarming turn. The Rumanian army marched on the capital, de- spite the orders from Paris to keep away, and occupied the city 30,000 strong. The Allies or-. dered it to withdraw, but it stood in its tracks: On 7 August the Archduke Joseph proclaimed himself governor of Hungary and organized a coalition ministry, and a week later he formed a cabinet out of the friends of the old regime: To most people it seemed that he was taking the country headlong into a Hapsburg restora tion and the Hungarians were as much alarmed a,s the Allies. On 23 August a messenger from. the Allies appeared with a peremptory order to the archduke, giving him two hours to resign his assumed governorship, widi the alternative of having the order published in Budapest. He yielded with.as good grace as passible and the government passed over to a Moderate Social ist cabinet. It then remained to get rid of the Rumanians. By sonic fancy. they had formed
a scheme for jokaing Rumania and Hungary in an, economic union and King Ferdinand had come to the city as a conqueror. It was after ward explained that he came incognito. But the pressure of the Allies as not to be ig nored. Rumania was given to understand that she would be subjected to economic pressure if she refused to leave the city, and on 14 August she gave notice that she would withdraw. At this time the Allies sent a commission of inter allied generals to Budapest. with orders that they should command in rotation. Finally on. 7 September the Rumanian army at last began to leave the city and a week later it was an nounced that Briti§h troops would take their places. Thus ended the troubles that were closely related to the Bolshevist revolution in Hungary. In Bela Kun's day the soviet sys tim was established through-out the country. The lands were nationalized, and the govern ment of the proletariat was establiehed. The leader was an honest devotee to the system of Lenin, and tried hard to make his plan work. The opposition from the outside, with the pres sure of 'hunger, was too much for him. But his fall did not overthrow 'all that he had set up.
While these commotions rocked Germany, the C,onstituent. Assembly continued its worlr of making a constitution. On 31 July 1919 the completed constitution was laid before the Constituent Assembly, which had changed its name to the National Assembly, and was adopted- by a vote of 262 to 76, the negative votes corning from members of the Germair National and the German People's parties on the one hand and from the Independent Social ists on the other, both extremists. The affirma tive votes came from the middle groups and represented the strength of the supporters of republicanism.
The constitution itself is far removed from. the old form of goveznraent Though Ger man in character it is essentially repubhcan and in its first clause it declares as much, although the word Reich is used to name the govern ment In the draft itself the legislature was called the Reichstag, but a protest was made against the name after the constitution was adopted and it was announced that it would be dropped. The members are to be chosen b.y the people for a term of four years. There is a President elected by the people for seven yaws. He represents the government under in-. ternational law, makes treaties and receives and sends diplomatic agents. He may use the armed forces of the country to preserve order or use them against a defiant state, but in each case his power is subject to a veto by the legis lature. He has the pardoning power, but not the right to proclaim tunnesty. His orders are to be countersigned by the chancellor or by the ministers whose departments are affected. The chancellor in. some respects is a lcind of vice president, but he is also the responsible head oi the ministry. He and the other ministers are, appointed by the President, in the same way as British ministers are appointed by the king. The chancellor has charge of foreign policy. The legislature, that is the Reichstag, may remove by . inipeachment the President, chancellor, or muusters when indictment has been brought by a petition signed by 100 mem bers. There is an unperial council in which each state has a representative for each million inhabitants it contains; but each state has at least one representative, and no state can have more than two-fifths of the whole number. Thus the overwhelming influence of Prussia is reduced, and to guard against too much power in the hands of the Berlin voters it is provided that one-half of Prussia's representatives must come from. the provinces. Ordinarily the coun cil must consent to all bills introduced into the legislature, but the government may introduce bills Itnown to be disapproved by the council, and laws may be submitted by a plebiscite if the President desires it. A majority vote in the legislature will repeal a law. The consti tution may be changed by a two-thirds vote of the legislature, but for this purpose there must be a quorum of at least two-thirds of the members.