Rumania, after much vacillation, due in part to changes in the personnel of rulers and party leaders with somewhat different sym pathies, and also to the failure of the Allies to create a favorable diplomatic and military situation to aid the pro-Ally group in Ru mania, came into tbe war on the Allied side on 28 Aug. 1916, when it looked as though an early defeat of the Central Powers was assure& Rturninia's action was also hastened by a practical ultimatum from France demanding her entry into the war on the Allied side. Poorly equipped and not taking sufficient care to guard their communications, the Rumanian forces rapidly invaded Transyivania as they had been directed by France in the military agreement, but their very speed, combined with the failure of the Allies to co-operate as they agreed, proved their undoing. They were attaelced on their flanks and rear by Generals Falkenhayn and Madicensen with the armies of the Ger mans, Austrians and Bulgarians. So swift was the reversal of the Rumanian fortunes that by January the enemy had driven the Rumanians out of Transylvania and had captured the most fertile portion of Rumania, its valuable oil wells, and the capital, Bucharest. A separate peace was forced upon Rumania, compelling tbe cession of the Dobrndja to Austria and Bulgaria, though Rumama was in part com pensated by the addition of Bessarabia. With the triumph of the Allies at the close of 1918 the German forces were withdrawn and the pro-German party ousted from power.
After a long pexiod of higgling with the contending groups over the most favorable terms, Bulgaria went into the war on the side of the Central Powers in October 1915. The loss of Bulgaria was one of the most stupid and tragic blunders of Allied diplomacy, as about all that Bulgaria asIced in return for aid to the Allies was the undoing of the injustices of the second Balkan War. Another serious error on the part of the Allies was the failure to carry through the only sane alternative pol icy., namely, to allow the Serbian army to an ticipate the Bulgarian attack by a Serbian inva sion of Bulgaria and the capture of Sofia the key to the Ballcans. The aid of the 'Bul garian army helped materially to alter the whole military situation in the Balkans. Ser bia and Albania were overrun, the Pro-German party in Greece was strengthened and a year later the Bulgarians gave important assistance in the conquest of Rumania. The collapse of the Bulgarian military power, however, was at the end. By a vigorous attack of the AIIied forces which had been long in training at Salonica, the Bulgarian armies were divided and defeated in detail. The attack began on 15 Sept. 1918 and on the last day of the month Bulgaria surrendered unconditionally to the Al lied forces.
Serbia was the first of the Bal'can states to enter the war, the Austrian ultitnatum of 23 July 1914 being -the immediate occasion of the outbrealc of hostilities. Austria declared war on Serbia on 28 July. Montenegro joined Ser bia in the war against Austria on 8 August. The success of the Serbians varied in tbe open ing canTaigns. At first the Serbians success fully resisted Austrian invasion and themselves invaded Bosnia. In N'ovember the Austrians were able to capture Belgrade, but were driven out of Serbia in the following month. No im
portant further developments came until the en try of the Bulgarians in the fall of 1915. Austro-German-Bulgarian forces invaded Ser bia on 6 Oct. 1915. The Serbs fought gal lantly, but were forced to retire before supe rior numbers, and by 12 December the Serbian arrny had been forced to flee into Albania and Montenegro, from which a nucleus of about 125,000 made their way to Salonica and became the most active element in the Allied forces operating from that base. The Serbian disas ter eras due to the failure of the Allied military authorities to land a sufficiently large force at Salonica to intimidate the Bulgarians, win over the Greeks and save Serbia, and to the failure of the Allies to allow an aggressive campaiga by Serbia at the moment of the discovery of the evident iatention of Bulgaria to join the Central Powers. The fall of Serbia cleared the way from Germany to Turkey. Serbia was overrun by the Bulg.arians, die royal faun. ily fled to France and the government was re-established, first at Corfu and later at Salon ica. The Serbian army was reorganised and re-equipped at Sabnica and participated with great distinction in the defeat of the Bulge rians in September 1918, and subsequently cleared the eneany out of Serbia and Albania. On 1 Dec. 1918 a union of all the Jugo-Slavs, including Montenegro, was proclaimed, though tin re has been sonic stil)sequent indication of restlessness over Serbian domination. A considerable period before Italy's entry into the war she landed forces in Albania, 25 Dec. 1914. After the Serbian debacle the Bulgarians and Austrians overran Albania in January and Feb ruary 1916. In the winter of 1916-17 the Ital ians began to recover Albania, and by July 1918 they had joined with the Allied forces op erating from Salonica. At thc close of the war the Allied army was rapidly clearing Al bania of the armies of the Central Powers. There has bcen as yet little evidence among the Albanians of any unified sentiment as to the type of government or mode of political union which shall prevail after the war.
Premier Venizelos of Grcece made vigorous efforts to get Greece into the war on the side of the Allies, but King Constantine was notori ously pro-German in his sympathies and Veni zelos was compelled to resign with his cabinet on 7 Oct. 1915. Venizelos continued to criticize the inactivity of the king and his party and on 28 Sept. 1916 he fled to Salonica and established a provisional government, which he regarded as in a state of war with Bulgaria and Turkey. His government was recognized by the Allies on 16 Oct. 1916 and it formally declared war on Turkey and Bulgaria, 25 Nov. 1916. The pro-Ally sentiment grew in Greece and on 12 June 1917 King Constantine abdicated, along with the pro-German crown prince, leaving the throne to his second son, Alexander. On 27 June Venizelos returned as premier of the new government. In the final Balkan campaign of Septesnber-October 1918 the Gree.k army took an honorable part. It will, of course, be under. stood that all occupied territory in the region of the sniall nations was treated with a vary ing degree of savagery. and existed in a state of utmost physical suffering and economic deple tion, especially in the cases of Poland, Serbia and Rutnama.