In 1861 the number of Vermonters subject to military duty was 60,719. At the close of hostilities Vermont was credited by the War Department with 35,242 men, an excess of its quota of 1,513. One in 10 of the total population and more than one-half of those subject to mili tary service had fought for the Union. The State gent out 17 regiments of infantry; three batteries, one regiment of cavalry and three companies of sharpshooters. The First regi ment were three months' men; from the Second to the Ilth (the last heavy artillery.), inclusive, three years' enlistments; the other six vrere nine months' troops. The First Vermont Brigade consisted of the Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth regiments; the Second brigade, of the 12th. 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th regiments. Vermonters enrolled in the regular army and navy are believed to have been in excess of 2,000; in the marine corps, 619; enlisted in Vermont organi zations, 28,967; re-enlistments, 1,961; commis sioned officers in the navy, 84; in the marine corps, 3. Vermont appropriated for war pur ses, $9,887,353 on a total valuation of $8.5, 000,000, of which $5,215,787 was paid by towns. In the Spanish-American War 0898) Vermont promptly responded, but its troops were not called into action. Admirals George Dewey and Chas. E. Clark were the notable Vermont figures of that contest. When trouble with Mexico broke out in 1916 the First Regiment of the Vermont National Guard immediately mobilized and was one of the first to reach the border where it remained until ordered home the end of September. It was officially reported as °The best National Guard Regi ment in equipment and general efficiency° on the border. In July 1917 the same regiment, though with somewhat changed personnel, was drafted into the Federal service and thereby ceased to be of the National Guard. At this time the regiment mustered 55 officers and over 2,000 men and soon became the 157th Pioneer Infantry in the famous 26th or Yankee Divi sion. Under Gen. C. R. Edwards the regiment won the highest conunendation for its fighting qualities and general morale. It is needless to add that many other Vermonters were in other parts of the army and had active duty abroad in United States, English and French regi ments.
Population.— The percentage of increase in Vertnont's population has been quite insignifi cant since 1850. The surplus of °brain and brawn° has been contributed, with the Civil War exception, to develop the West, and the cities of contiguous States. The younger gen erations have, since 1837, gone out to improve the country at large; so much so drat, in 1890, there were more than 1,000 farms virtuall abandoned; others were indifferently cultivate and, others still, grown up again to primeva forest Associations of °Native Vermonters)) exist in all the larger cities of the East and West; and the annual meetings are notable both for their distinguished personnel and the loyalty expressed for the childhood's home amid the Green Mountains. A small percentage return to occupy the paternal acres; quite large estates are held as summer residences and another transition stage is now in progress which bids fair to upbtuld the Commonwealth and still further augment the financial statements of its later history. As to density the State as a whole is not thickly settled, the average pop ulation being 39 in each square mile. The pro portion of males and females is nearly equal, but the former are about 5 per cent less nu merous in both native and foreign popula tion. During the last 25 years there has been a slow, but continuous decrease in the popula tion of the smaller towns and an increase in that of the larger towns. Because of this the
population of several counties is less than 50 years ago, though, as has been seen, the State as a. whole has slowly increased in number of inhabitants.
The-population 18 June 1761 was 22—the families of six actual settlers and landowners in Bennington. The temporary population of Fort Dummer (late in Massachusetts) had not been preserved. These pioneers had been in creased, in 1791, to 43,970 on the east side and 41,569 on the west side. In 1800 the population was 154,465; (1810) 217,895; (1820) 235,981; (1830) 280,652; (1840) 291,948; (1850) 314, 120; (1860) 315,098; (1870) 330,551; (1880) 332,286; (1890) 332,422; (1900) 343,641; (1910) 355,956; (1915 est.) 362,452.
Foreign For many years after the founding of Vermont it was almost entirely settled by native New Englanders, but there were always French Canadians and a few of more distant origin. As everywhere in the United States, with the coming of various dustries and the general influx of foreigners into the country, the foreign portion of the population increased and now, 1919, not less than 35 per cent of the inhabitants are either ,foreign, or of foreign parentage. Welsh have come to the slate quarries, Italians to the marble and granite mills and quarries, Swedes to the marble works and Scotch to the granite works, and other nationalities to other industries, so that more than twenty nations are represented in the State. Of these people 14 per cent are foreign born, 24 per cent of foreign parents. Naturally, by far the greatest number of immigrants have come over the border from Canada, nearly 15,000 being French Canadians and 11,400 English Cana dians. Of the other nationalities represented by over 1,000 are 5,000 Irish, 4,500 Itaflans, and less number of English, Swedes, Austrians, Russians, etc. There are only about 1,600 negroes in the State.
Bibliography.— For complete bibliography consult Gilman, M.D., 'Bibliography of Vet mont) (Burlington 1897). Consult also Bene dict, G. G., 'Vermont in the Civil War> (2 vols., Burlington 1886); Carpenter and Arthur, 'History of Vermont> (Philadelphia 1854) • Collins, E. D., 'History of Vermont> (Bostcui 1903) ; Conant and Stone, 'Geography, FEstory and Civil Government of Vermont> (Rutland 1915) ; Crodcett, Walter, 'History of Lake Champlain' (Burlington 1909); Depuy, H. W., 'Ethan Allen and Heroes of Vermont> (Buf falo 1853) • Hall, Hiland, (Histoty of Vermont' (Albany Ii68); Hall, B. H., 'History of East ern Vermont> (New York 1858) • Heaton, J. S., 'The Story of Vermont> (BOston 1889) •, Heminway, Abby M., 'Historical Gazetteer of Vermont° (5 vols., Burlington 1867-80); Hitch cock, Edward, and others, 'Geology of Ver mont> (2 vols., Claremont 1861); Kimball, M. J., 'Vermont for Young Vermonters' (New York 1904) ; Perkins, G. H., 'Reports of Ver mont State Geologist' (1898 date, Biennial) ; Roberts, Daniel, 'Digest, Supreme C,ourt Cases> 1789-1905 (Burlington 1878) • Roberts, Robert, Appendix' ( Bur lingtog. 1911) • Robinson, Rowland, 'Vermont> (Boston 1892) Slade, William, 'Vermont State Papers> ?Middle bury 1883); Thompson, D. P., 'The Green Mountain Boys> (Montpelier 1840) - Thomp son, Zadock, 'Natural, Civil and 'Statistical History of Vermont> (Burlington 1843, Ap pendix 1852) ; Vermont Historical Society 'Proceedings> (Montpelier 1846-date Bien nial); Vermont Historical Society (Colfections> (2 vols., Montpelier 1870-71) Walton, E. P., 'Governor and Council> (8 vols., Montpelier 1873-80) ; Williams, Samuel, 'Natural and Civil History of Vermont> (2 vols., Burlington 1909).