WAKE-ROBIN, the first of John roughs' collection of essays, which in its charm and character may well stand as an ample of all. It is mostly about birds and their ways, but it has also essays and passages that show his wider knowledge and love of nature and the out-door life in general. roughs is a great naturalist; one would not exactly say a great scientist, for he rarely puts into scientific form the observations and generalizations that science seems to demand. Yet he is a great naturalist, for his life has been passed in observing nature and learning her secrets. (Wake-Robin) (the popular name of the white trillium) is an invitation to come and do likewise. It was written mostly in Washington, where in the 60's, Burroughs was a department clerk, but it is made out of recollections of earlier days in the Catslcill country where he was born and brought up. It has more in it of birds than of other things, but it is full of the flavor of out-door life. 'Look about you,D he says, ((and see the ful and wonderful things all around.) In (Wake-Robin' we have an invitation to the fields and the woods, to the daily pleasures of bird and flower or fish and deer, of the uralist or the camper. John Burroughs and Henry D. Thoreau are the two chief masters in a form of literature in which America is eminent, the literature of nature; and if one will read (Wake-Robin' (as well as (Walden') one will know why. The book has not only the keen observation that detects every fact, but the humanity that ena'bles one to put the fact so as to be interesting to those of lesser .p_owers. EDWARD EVERETT HALE, WAKEFrELD, Edward Gibbon, English colonial statesman: b. London, 20 March 1796; d. Wellington, New Zealand, 16 May 1862. Educated at Westminster School and Edin burgh High School, he became associated in a subordinate capacity with the legations at Turin and Paris. About 1826 he turned his
attention to colonial affairs and worked out the scheme of colonization usually known by his name. Its cardinal features were the abolition of free grants of land for agricultural pur poses (then so readily obtained that none cared to remain dependent, and laborers were at once transformed into landed proprietors); and the careful control of emigration. His views were first publicly expressed in (A Let ter from Sydney' (1829). The National Colonization Society was founded in 1830 to carry out his ideas, and in the following year his plan was adopted by the government for New South Wales. The South Australian As sociation was formed in 1834, and included many eminent men, and under its auspices the colony of South Australia was founded in 1836 on Wakefield's principles. He accom panied Governor-General Lord Durham to Canada in 1838 as adviser, and had an import ant share in drawing up the report in which Durham etnbodied his proposals for settling the Canadian difficulty. Wakefield was the moving spirit behind the New Zealand Association of 1837, which forced the British government to annex New Zealand. He was subsequently a prime mover in founding the Anglican settle ment in New Zealand, and in 1852 he went to New Zealand and plunged into colonial polities.
After the breakdown of his health in 1854 he lived in retirement till his death. All subse quent English colonial development has followed the ideas formulated by Walcefield. He was equally able as a theorist and a director of practical details. Consult Rusden, 'History of New Zealand) (1883) ; Gisborne, (New Zea land Rulers and Statesmen' (1892); Garnett, (Life> in (Builders of Greater Britain' series (1898).