WALLACE, words, Alfred Russel, Eng lish naturalist and philosopher: b. lisk, Mon mouthshire, 3 Jan. 1823; d. 7 Nov. 1913. He was educated at Hertford Grammar School, and afterward articled to a land surveyor and architect. Later when resident at Leicester as English master at the collegiate school he made the accquaintance of Henry Walter Bates, like himself an enthusiastic entomologist, and in April 1848 the two sailed Ircin Liverpool on a journey to the Amazon Valley, which marks an epoch in scientific travel. They ascended the Tocantins in August 1848, and in the fol lowing year ascended the Amazon. In March 1850 they separated, V allace taking the basin of the Rio Negro for his ground and Bates that of the Solimoens or upper Amazon. Wal lace returned to England in 1852, and in 1853 published
Darwinism, refusing to admit the additional elements, such as sexual selection, which Dar win himself adopted in his later works. He refuses to extend evolution to the development of mind, and he adopts Weismann's views on heredity. In short, he holds by organic evolu tion only in so Tar as it is consistent with or required by a spiritual interpretation of man and nature. His position was, therefore, very much higher than that of Danvin, and went far to remove the barriers between materialism and religion.
Wallace's work was by no tneans confined to natural history. In 1866 he issued a work on (The Scientific Aspects of the Supernatural' ; and in 1875 gave in (Miracles and Modern Spiritualism' a full statement of his spiritual istic faith. He issued in 1885 a pamphlet en titled (Forty-five Years of Registration Statis tics, proving Vaccination to be both Useless and Dangerous.' He gave evidence before the recent Royal Coinmission on the subject, and in 1898 published (Vaccination a Delusion, its Penal Enforcement a Crime,' in which he en deavored to prove that the majority report of the commission is opposed to the best evidence laid before it In (Land Nationalization: its Necessity and its Aims' (1882) he compares the landlord-and-tenant system of land tenure with an occupying tenancy under the state, and strongly advocates the latter. A land nation alization society, of which he is president, has been formed to disseminate the pnnciples of his book. (Bad Times: an Essay on the Present Depression of Trade> (1885) is another contri bution to economics. He prepared the volume 'Australasia> (1879) in Stanford's (Compen dium of Geography and Travel,' and to the new issue contributed the first of two volumes on Australasia, dealing with Australia and New Zealand (1893). Other works are (The Won derful Century, its Successes and its Failures,' a review of the 19th century (1898) ; (Studies, Scientific and Social' (1901) ; (Man's Place in the Universe' (1903) (My Life' (1905) •, (Is Mars Habitable?' (1'907); (World of Life' (1911) ; (Social Environment and Moral Prog ress' (1913) ; (The Revolt of Democracy' (1914). He was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1868, the Gold Medal of the Societe de Geographie in 1870, the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society in 1890, the Foun der's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society and the Gold Medal of the Linnman Society in 1892. Consult Marchant, James, (Alfred Rus sel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences) (Lon don 1916).