While the printing-machine is the most prominent mechanism of the business, yet other factors have contributed largely to the progress made by this industry. Among them are the grounding-machines, which furnish the back ground color to the paper; the bronzing-ma chines, which apply bronze powders to certain of the surfaces; the embossing-machines, which give various textures to the goods after they have been printed; the pressing-machines, which are used to emboss the design in relief ; the contrivance that is used to hang up the paper after it leaves the printing-machine; and a host of similar devices that enable the manu facturer to produce novel effects and manufac ture the goods more rapidly than before, and at a lessened expense. It is these contrivances that have led to the tremendous progress achieved by this industry in the last 60 years, ancl more particularly within the last 30 years (the pacc haNing been accelerated each year), so that the United States has long been inde pendent of foreign manufacturers. The most notable machine improvements follow: (1) Soon after the introduction of the printing machine one McKernan invented a contrivance for festooning the paper automatically as it leaves the printing--machine and passes on to the dr3-ing-racks. This was undoubtedly a long stride in the process-of making wall paper, in asmuch as the speed of the printing-machine could be increased to the full capacity of the drying-racks connected with it. (2) The single (or continuous) process of making wall paper was introduced about the year 1870. Formerly the ground color had to be applied by one ma chine, after hien the paper was dried and rolled up and next passed through the printing machine to receive the impressions of the de sign thereon. In the continuous process the paper passes through the machine which applies a ground color for the design, and then passes through a drying apparatus that is termed a Thot borc,}) or into drying-racics, and then auto matically passes into the printing-machines which applies the colors of the design, saving a double handling of the goods and involving less waste. (3) The method of.applying bronze powders to wall paper automatically was intro duced about the year 1872, although, as it was conducted in secret for some time by one or two firms, the discovery may have been made at an earlier date. This method reduced the cost of making bronze (otherwise termed gold) papers, and led to an increased demand and output for them. (4) The next dise..overy was the application to wall paper of bronze pow ders in a liquid state; that is, mixed with an adhesive material (made from potato-starch) of sufficient density to keep the bronze powders in solution without impairing their lustre. This was first placed upon the market about 1882, and as the new process enabled the use of as many different shades of bronze as there were colors in the design, the opportunity was af forded for producing many new and brilliant effects, and for superseding in a large measure bronze or gold goods made by the former method. While the mechanical part of the
business has made vast strides, there is yet another feature that outranks it in importance, and that is the artistic element. The Arnerican people have a constant craving for something new, and the manufacturer is taxed to the full extent of his powers to satisfy this de mand. On no industry does this demand fall more heavily than on wall paper manufacture, and by no occupation has the demand been more fully satisfied.
fruit-trees trained on walls for better• exposure of the fruit to sunshine, and for sake of the heat radiated from the wall. Brick walls are preferred; and have a great advantage in the regularity with which the nailing can be accomplished; but trees are often trained on stone walls also, and sometimes on the walls of houses. Trees are trained on walls in hot houses as well as in the open air. Flued walls are often used, the fruit being thus partially forced by artificial heat; and screens of various ldnds, as of reeds, canvas and oiled paper, are sometimes employed to protect blossoms in spring. Woolen nets also are much used for this purpose, and a net even with wide meshes affords much protection from spring frosts. Wall-trees intended to occupy the wall permanently are generally trained in the nursery with a dwarf stem only five or six inches in length, so that the branches may cover the whole wall, and no available part of it be lost. It is usual, how ever, in planting to introduce riders alternately with the permanent wall-tree; the riders are grafted or budded on tall stocks, and occupy part of the wall till the wall-trees have become large enough to require it all. The chief modes of. training wall-trees are known as fan training and horizontal training. In fan training thn branches are arranged like the spokes of a fan; in horizontal training a main stein is led up, from which they are spread out horizontally on both sides. Different modes are preferred for different kinds of trees, and the art of the gar dener is shown in keeping to his plan of training and laying in branches, so as to fill the space and malce every part of the wall productive. There is a Dutch mode of training, which consists in leading two chief branches horizontally right and left, and training shoots from them straight up to the top of the wall. Riders are trained frequently in a star-like form, some branches being led downward, to fill the wall as quicldy aS possible. It is necessary for the gardener, hi training wall-trees, to consider the habit of each kind particularly whether fruit is to be ex pected chiefly on young branches or on the spurs of older branches. Superfluous branches must in all cases be carefully removed, and among these are to be reciconed all fore-right shoots, or branches which project straight from the wall.