id In this attitude they have not been without European support and encouragement. These great powers south of the equator, supported by the more liberal element in the United States. have favored the supplanting of the Monroe Doctrine by a broader policy of Pan-Ameri canism. General Pan-American congresses have met in 1889, 1901, 1906 and 1910. while special scientific and commercial congresses have assembled from time to time There is an official organization of the 21 American repub lics in the Pan-American Union, established O 1910 and maintained at Washington with an endowment from Andrew Carnegie. The two chief obstacles to the development of Pan Americanism are the commeraal value of the Monroe Doctrine to American capitalists and the disproportionate strength of the United States as compared to the mostpowerful Latin American states. To these t be added the differences in culture, the ' r Latin-Amer ican psychology, the domineering attitude of the United States and the inflated pride of the lesser Latin-American states that leads them to demand political equality with Argentina. Brazil
and the United States in any binding legal or ganization of American states. The final out come of the conflict between Pan-Americanism and the Monroe Doctrine cannot be foreseen. but it is safe topredict that the A B C powers check the Monroe Doctrine at thee The significance and status of the is American problem will probably be greatly al tered by the present introduction of the mod ern industrial technology into South America which will tend to make this region become a very important centre of the world's industry politics and culture. While the United States dominates Latin America north of the equator in all matters pertaining to capital. i•us•r• and commerce, a similar control is exerted south of the equator by Great Britain. Ger many and France in the order given The World War was a hard blow to German hurt. ems in South America, but they will proba revive and those of Great Britain and Frantz likely to expand. See Lam; Auratc. -