WURTTICKBERG, viirearn-brY, or WURTR14BERO, until 1918 a southwestern state and kingdom of the late German em pire, between Bavaria, Baden, Hohenzollern, and the Lake of Constance, which separsies it from Switzerland; area, 7,534 square miles. It was formerly included in the territory of Swabia (q.v.). Except a few tracts in the south, the surface is hilly and even moun tainous. In the west the Schwarzwald, or Black Forest, forms pan of the boundary, and the Mb or Ranhe Alp, forming part of the Fran conian Jura, covers an extensive tract. The country belongs in large part to the basin of the Rhine, being drained northward into that river by the Neckar, while the Danube flows across the southern districts. A part of the Lake of Constance is also inelnded in Wurttem climate is temperate. In the lower more favorable districts the fig and melon ripen in the open air, and the vine, cultivated on an extensive scale, produces several first class wines; maize, wheat, hops, tobacco and fruit_ which is ernoloved in rider makinn are chiefly cultivated. About a third of the coun try is under forests, which consist mainly of oaks. beeches and pines. Of minerals, the most valuable are iron and salt, both of which arc worked by the government; the others are lime stone, gypsum, alabaster, slate, mill-stones and potter's-day. The manufactures consist chiefly of cotton, woolen and linen goods, paper, wooden clocks, toys, musical instruments and chemical products. The government until November 1918 was a hereditary constitutional morarchy, the executive power being lodged in the sovereign, and the legislative jointly in the sovereign and a parliament, composed of an upper and a lower chamber. The yearly rev enue from all sources is about $32,000,000, and the public debt, the bulk of which was incurred in constructing the state railways, was, previous to the war of P)14-18, about $160,000,000. There was no exclusively established religion under the monarchy, but the king was invested by the constitution with the supreme direction and guardianship of the Evangelical Protestant Church. Education is generally diffused and
the centre of the educational system is the Uni versity of Tubingen. Besides Stuttgart (the capital), the chief towns are Ulm, Heilbronn and Esslingen. The history of the state is of little general interest. Previous to the Napo leonic era the rulers had the title of duke, but in 1806, by the favor of Napoleon, the then duke gained a great accession of territory, as well as the title of king. In the subsequent ar rangement of the European states by the Con gress of Vienna the territorial accessions were confirmed and the kingly title formally recog nized. In the war of 1866 Wurttemberg sided with Austria against Prussia. It became a member of the German empire on its founda tion in 1871. After the collapse of the German imperial armies on the western front in Novem ber 1918 and the establishment of a republic in Berlin, the Wurttemberg monarch abdicated the throne and Wurttemberg became a constitu ent state of the Republic. Pop. 2,437,574. Con sult Gaupp, 'Das Staatsrecht des Konigsreichs Wurttemberg' (Freiberg 1893); Hirschfeld, 'Wurttemberg's Grossindustrie tend Handel' (Leipzig 1889); Belschner, 'Geschichte von Wurttemberg' (Stuttgart 1902); Sellliz A.. 'Urgeschichte Wurttembergs' (Stuttgart 1909).
WURTZ, Charles Adolphe, French chemist: b. Stras.burg, 26 Nov. 1817; d. Paris, 12 May 1884. He went to Paris in 1845, in 1851 became professor at the Agronomic Insti tute, Versailles, in 1853 was made professor of organic chemistry at the Sorbonne and pro fessor of toxicology at the Ecole de Medecin. From 1866 to 1876 he was dean of the Sor bonne faculty of medicine. He made important discoveries in connection with compound am monies, glycol and adol; and rendered a val uable contribution to theoretical chemistry in distinguishing the atomic relations of organic compounds. Among his numerous works on chemistry are 'I.a theorie atornique (1878); 'Lecons ilementaires de chimie moderne' (1868); 'Traite (Ic ehimie biologique) (1885). Friedel, 'Notice star la vie et les travaux tie C. A. Wurt,' ( DOW