ZENO. Nicole and Antonio. Venetian nav igators of the late 14th and early 15th Antonio at out 1390 fitted a ship with which he sailed northward on the Atlantic. He was wrecked on one of the Faroe islands. Here he would have been killed by the Scandinavian natives had he not been opportunely rescued by Earl Sinclair, whom Haakon VI of Norway had invested with the Orkneys and Caithness. He was made commander of the earl's small fleet, and in 1393 or 1394 sailed with three ships to Greenland, where he spent some time. He died in the Faroes about 1395. Antonio went out to the Faroes in 1391, and was in Sinclair's service for 14 years, dying at Venice in 1406. After Nicole's death he was commander of the fleet; and on one occasion, to verify fisher men's reports of land some 1,000 miles west ward, he undertook a voyage of discovery in the Atlantic. He described his adventures in a letter, and on this letter and some others and a sailing-chart, probably made by Antonio, is based a work containing matter of some in terest in connection with pre-Columbian dis covery in the New World. The letters were worked into a narrative, and, with a copy of the map, appeared in book-form in 1558. The narrative says that a fisherman, returning to the Faroes after a 26 years' absence, told of a land called Estotiland, where there was much gold and forest The people built small boats and traded with Greenland. The description of Estotiland is vague, and contains little to suggest North America. But a voyage was undertaken from Estotiland to a region south ward, called Drogio. There, said the fisher men, the people were cannibals. 'They have no kind of metal by hunting, and arty lances of wood, sharpened at the point." Farther south, 'they have cities and temples,' as well as 'some knowledge and use of gold and silver.' The honesty of the Zeno narra tive has been sufficiently well established; but whether or not the fisherman had the experi ences he narrated in Drogio, and whether that may be identified with North America, are questions that have been much debated. The map, drawn from hearsay, and necessarily of the vaguest character, was accepted as au thentic and caused trouble for mariners and geographers for more than a century. Con soh Major, 'The Voyages of Nicole and An tonio Zeno' (Hakluyt Society, 1873), with a translation of the narrative and a copy of the map; and Fiske, 'The Discovery of America' (Vol. I. 1892).
ZENO (zE'n6) (Gle. Zinsiv ) OF CITIUM, ancient Greek philosopher: b. Citium, island of Cyprus. He flourished in the late 4th and early 3d century s.c., and was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy (see STOICISM). The
circumstances of his life are not well known. Tradition says that after suffering shipwreck near the Peirrns, and according to one account losing his all, while by another his wealth amounted to 1,000 talents, he settled at Athens. There he early made himself remarked for the virtues of moderation and contentment. and during his long life he so acquired the es teem of the citizens that they voted him a crown of gold and a public burial in the t era micus. He is said to have declined the citizen ship of Athens from fidelity to his native coun try. He first re-orted to the teaching of the Cynic Crater. and hy this school hi, own views, especial') in the earlier penod of his career, were much influenced_ It may seem surprising that Zeno, who rejected both the contempt far established usages and for general knowledge which distinguished the Cynics, should hate at tached himself to that school, but the central point of every true system of philosophy is -ts ethics, and be was attracted to the Cynics T. their doctrines of moral obligation. which he made the foundation of his own system. Con trary to the advice of Crater he afterward studied under Stilpo the Megarian. Among his subsequent advisers or teachers are enumer ated the Megarians, Cronus and Philon. and the Academics, Xenocrates and Potation. Of the last two he is said to have been a pupil He maintained a friendship with Antogornis Grim tas, king of Macedon, of whom his disciple, Persteus and Philonides were companions About 310 mc. he opened his school in the HoLgast Zrai (Stow), or 'Painted Porch.' This place, which was adorned with paintings by Polygnotus, had formerly been the resort of a school of poets, who were front this circum stance called Stoics, and the name was now transferred from them to the disciples of Zeno. who at first had been called Zenonians. the works of Zeno are lost. They were sr melons, and include treatises 'Ou the State' early and of cynical tendencies); 'Oo the Ethics of Crater'; 'On Life According to Nature'; 'On Impulse': 'On the Nature of Man'; 'On the Affections': 'On the Becom ing' (or Fitting); 'On Law,' and 'On Grecian lineation': various treaties on physics, logic and poetry, and a work on the Pythagorean doctrine. Concerning the doctrines of broy which employed very largely the ethics of the Cynic school, as well as the physics of Herach tus and Pythagoras, see Stoicism; and consult also Zeller, 'Stoics, Epicureans, and Skeptics (1870); Ueberweg, 'History of Philosophy' (Eng. trans., 1887); and Ritter and Peelle: 'Historia Philosophise Grace' ed,. 1896)