ZURICH, zoo'rik. Switzerland; (1) a city. capital of the canton of the same name, situated at the northeast extremity of the lake of the same name. It is divided by the Limmat into unequal parts, forming an upper and lower town, connected with their suburbs by several bridges. The streets in the oldest quarters are narrow. crooked and dark but have undergone considerable improvement. The principal build ings are the cathedral or Grosse Minster, as a hill near the right bank of the I ;enema, a heavy massive structure in the B tine style; the Fraurninster, on the left of the river; Saint Peter's Church, with a fine tower and clock; the town-house: the town library..cos mining 130.000 volumes; the museum, with a collection of home and foreign perindicals, and a rich library; the university; the new Swiss Polytechnic School; the arsenal; the music buildings; the railway station; the theatre and the post office_ Two public promenades add to the attractions of the city, besides • botani cal garden and many smaller parks and walks connected with a variety of institutions. pub lic and private. Manufactures of silk and cot ton, including dyeing and calico-printing, are extensive; those of candles, leather and machinery are also consider able. Besides the university, founded in 1832 and basing a professional staff of 150, and over 1,300 students in theology, law, medicine and philosophy, there are the Polytechnic School which is maintained by the government and in 1917 had a teaching staff of 262, Schools of medicine and of arts t secondary and ele mental). schools of all kinds, deaf and dumb and blind asylums, orphan and several other hospitals. Learned and other societies of various descriptions abound. Zurich is of great antiquity and early became a Roman station. In 1219 it was declared a free imperial city. The preaching of Zwingli in the cathedral made it the centre of the Swiss Reformation, Here, in 1443, the Swiss defeated the Austrians, and here also, in 1799, the Russians were defeated by the French. The Treaty of Zurich, signed here 10 Nov. 1859 by the plenipotentiaries of France and Austria, closed the Franco-Italian war by Austria's abandonment of her right to Lombardy. Pop. (1918), estimated 213,900. (2) A northern canton bounded north by Schaffhausen and the grand duchy of Baden, west by Aargau, south by Zug and Schwyz, and east by Saint Gall and Thurgau; area, 66I square miles. Though not properly mountain ous, it has on its south and southeast frontiers several lofty ridges, remarkable for their paral lelism. Except the Ligern and adjoining heights, they have their longer axis from south east to northwest and form a succession of terraces lowering gradually toward the north.
The general slope is toward the left bank of the Hornli and the Schaucnberg, both in the east. The general slope is toward the left bank of the Rhine, which drams part of it directly and part indirectly, by the Thur, Toss, Glatt and Lim mat. Of the lakes, about 40 in all, the most important are those of Zurich, Greiffen, Pfeffi Iron, Tuner and Katzen. The climate on the whole temperate, but mists are prevalent, particularly on the lower grounds. In some parts the prevailing rock is the Jura limestone, but a more recent formation, consisting chiefly of marl and sandstone in almost horizontal strata, is still more largely developed. One re markable feature is the immense number and magnitude of the granite boulders which cover the surface. The minerals are few and of lit tle value. The soil, with the exception of a few favored spots, is far from fertile and hence, though the arable land is comparatively large and carefully cultivated, the corn produced falls short of the consumption. In some districts a wine of tolerable quality is produced. Wood seldom forms forests, but occupies many scat tered patches and hedgerows. Game is scarce, fish almost superabundant. In no canton have manufactures made more progress. The great staples arc silk and cotton goods. The inhab itants are almost all Protestants, and educa tion is very generally diffused. Zurich was admitted into the Swiss Confederation in 1351 and readmitted in 1450, after a 10 years' al liance with Austria. The gohcrnment, formerly somewhat aristocratic, became decidedly demo cratic in 1831 A new democratic constitution was adopted in 1869. Zurich holds the first place in the Swiss Confederation. Pop. about 59),000. (3) One of the principal lakes of Switzerland, chiefly in the canton of Zurich, but partly also in Schwyz. It forms a long irregular curve, bending round from southeast to northwest, convex on the south and concave on the north side; greatest length, about 27 miles; greatest breadth, two and one half trues; greatest depth, 469 feet. Its scenery is distinguished not so much for grandeur as for beauty. The mountains around, nowhere exceeding 1,700 feet above the lake, which is itself 1,342 feet above sea-level, oom mence in wooded heights and descend to the water's edge in gene slopes, covered with vineyards, o gardens, cultivated fields and verdant meadows, and studded over with eountry-seats and smiling villages. A consid erable traffic is carried on upon the lake by means of sailing vessels and numbers of steam ers. It is well supplied with fish. Its chief feeder is the Linda Canal (completed in 1816), communicating with the Wallenstitter-see. It discharges itself at the town of Zurich by the Linntat.