ZWINGER, The, a public building in Dresden. cnntanting a valuable collection of of art and .ctentific treasures. The word Zik ingrr ic a general name for a prison or any mnfinvd place.
Ger. or rLformer, was a contemporary of Luther (q s ). and was born at Wildhaus, canton of Saint Gall, on 1 Jan. 1484; d. Kappa 11 Oct. 1531. Ulrich was the third of eight sow of the bailiff of that place. He studied at an early age in Said and Bern, and continued his studies 111 Vienna, where he occupied himself with philosophy, and again in Basel, where he devoted his attention to theology, under the direction of W3rttenbach. In 1506 Zwingli became parish priest at Glarus. and here employed his time, as Luther had done in theAugustine monastery at Erfurt_ in the diligent reading of the Holy Scriptures. He copied the epistles of Saint Paul in the original Greek, and even learned them by heart —an acquisition which afterward proved of great service to him in his public &scussions. He accompanied the forces of Glarus daring the campaigns of 1512, 1513 and 1515, in Lola hardy, in the cause of the Pope against the French, in the capacity of chaplain, and was rewarded for this service by the grant of a pension from the Pope. In 1516 he became preacher in the convent of Einsiedeln, then a celebrated place of pitrmage. Here he began to make known vigil' y his ideas of reform. preaching against the pilgrimage of &wedeln.
which he termed an and a of the doctrine of the Christian Chards, caning upon the bishops of Sion and Constance to pro mote a reformation of religious doctrines, upon those points in which Zvringfi considered that the Church had departed from the primitive teaching. Up to this time, however, his ideas of innovation excited no rebuke upon the pan of the authorities, and he was, not long after, in vited to Zurich, and entered on his office of preacher in the cathedral 1 Jan. 1519, with a discourse in which he declared himself for the use of the simple Scriptures without regard to the prescribed texts and lessons. At Zenrich Zwingli delivered a series of sermons on the Holy Scriptures; and these discourses in which he inveighed against what he declared so be the errors and superstition of the times, laid the foundation for his future work of reformation. The occasion which launched him on his career was similar to that which had aroused Luther_ In 1518 Bernadin Samson, a Franciscan monk of Milan, appeared in Switzerland to preach the indulgence proclaimed by Leo X to all who should subscribe_ alms to the building of Saint Peter's Church at Rome. Zwingli, who was then preaching at Einsiedeln, opposed him them and afterward in Zurich with all the power of his eloquence, and brought the indulgences into so much odium that Samson was not even per mitted to enter Zurich; and the Council of Zurich finally obtained from the Papal Nuncio the recall of Samson to render an account cf his mission at Rome. From this time Zwingh gradually went further in his plans, supported by the 7.iirichers In Zurich his innovations were so far promoted by the government that in 1520 a decree was issued ordering that the Holy Scriptures should be taught 'without human additions • In 1522 the reformation was extended to external ceremonies. In this year Zwingli was forbidden to preach bz- the of Constance. In it also he wrote Ins first wort against the fasts of the Church and began the study of Hebrew. In 1523 the government in Zurich invited all theologians to a public con ference in Zurich, to convict, if possible, Zwingli of an error in doctrine. About 600 persons,
clergy and laymen, were present at this disputa tion. Zwingli exhibited his opinions in the form of 67 propositions, which were to form the subject of discussion. The celebrated John Faber, the vicar-general of the bishop of Constance. refused to discuss any of Zwingli's propositions save the last one, which denied the supreme authority of the Church, whereupon the Council of Zurich decreed that Zwingli had not been convicted of error or heresy, and 'might continue to freely announce the holy gospel and the Word of God according to the new order.• in a second dispute Zwingli urged his objections to images and the mass and the former were soon afterward removed from the churches by order of the council and the hit ter abolished. In 1524 Zwingli married Anna Reinhard. a widow, and the next year pub lished his commentary on 'True and False Re ligion.• The Reformation in Switzerland was now fixed upon a firm base; and Zwingli con tinued the work with undiminished zeal, warmly supported by the cantons which es poused the Protestant cause. The religious or ders were suppressed and all questions of mar riage were placed under the jurisdiction of the civil tribunals, as well as the administration of the Church revenues. In general, Zwingli agreed in his opinions with the German re formers; like them he assumed the Bible as the only rule of faith, rejected the Papacy, attacked the authority of the priesthood and declared that his object was to restore the Church to the simplicity of primitive times. His views dif fered on some points from those of Luther, particularly in regard to the real presence, and on some less important matters relative to the liturgy. In order to remove this wall of par tition from between the two parties which adopted the new doctrines, a meeting between the Saxon and Swiss reformers was held at Marburg (1-3 Oct. 1529) at the suggestion of Philip, the Landgrave of Hesse. The former were represented by Luther and Melanchthon, the latter by Zwingli and Qcolampadius. Although a complete union was not effected, yet a convention was agreed upon, the first 13 arti cles of vshich, containing the most important matters of religions faith, were recognized by both parties; and the 14th declared though they could not agree as to the real presence of Christ in the eucharist, they would behave reciprocally in the spirit of Christian charity. In 1531 an open war broke out be tween Zurich on the one side and the Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri Unterveab den and Zug on the other; and Zwingli was commanded to take the field, bearing the ban ner of the canton, which it had been usual for an ecclesiastic to support. A battle ensued at Kane!, on 11th October. But the enemy were more than twice as strong as the Zurichers and under better oii,,cr•; the latter were, therefore, defeated and Zwink:11 was among the slain. The spot where lie tell is marked by a monu ment. The kciormed Church in Switzerland afterward received from the hands of Calvin (q.v.) its present organization. The collected works of Zwingli were published at Zurich in 1545. A complete collection of Zwingli's writ ings was also published at Zurich in eight vol umes in 1828. E. Zeller has attempted to de duce Zwingli's doctrines from his writings, Was theologische System Zwinglis dargestellt' (Tubingen 1853). There are numerous biog raphies of this reformer, for example, 'Huld retch Zwingli, rein Leben and (1895- 97) by Stihelin. Consult also Jansen, 'His tory of the German People' (1903).
Gomm E. Rms.