Yet the Ottoman empire continued to grow in territory and splendor, attaining the zenith of its glory in the reign of Suliman the Mag nificent (1520-66). At the battle of Mohacs (1526) he conquered Hungary, and three years later stood at the gates of Vienna. It was at Mohacs again that the tables were reversed 161 years later against Suliman II by the Austrians under Charles of Lorraine. That decisive vic tory pushed the Turks back upon the Balkan Peninsula and drove the first nail into the coffin of Turkish dominion in Europe. During the 17th century Russia and the kingdom of Poland also joined the ranks of Turkey's enemies in coalition with Austria, Tuscany, Venice, Malta and the papal forces. The treaties of Carlo witz and Constantinople (1699-1700) brought about a rearrangement of territories and fron tiers by which Turkish power in Europe re ceived a severe check. The wars conducted by Austria and Russia against Turkey during the 18th century, followed in 1799 by the alliance between Turkey, Russia and Great Britain against Napoleon, kept the Ottoman rulers and statesmen preoccupied with international affairs and permitted the development of revolutionary aspirations among the subject races of the Bal kan Peninsula. The 19th century witnessed remarkable political changes in that stormy region. By a course of wars, revolutions, brig andage and appalling atrocities the grip of the Turk was gradually loosened through the inter vention of the powers. Greece was the first to break away in 1829; the Berlin Congress (1878) erected Rumania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Monte negro into semi-independent states under a shadowy suzerainty of the Sultan. The history of these events is related' under the headings of the various countries. The Balkan Wars (q.v.) formed what may be the last act but one in the 400 years' struggle to expel the Turk from Europe. The Balkan Peninsula has played a tremendous part in the world's history, and has well earned the various uncompliment ary titles applied to it, such as the the the and the `powder magazinex' of Europe. For many cen turies not a year has passed without bloodshed somewhere on its soil. The scene of many bril liant exploits and unexcelled horrors, it arrayed nation against nation, caused innumerable wars and was finally to be the cradle of the greatest conflict of all time. See WAR, EUROPEAN.
Also ALBANIA ; DARDANELLES ; GitEECE ; MONTE-. NEGRO ; SERBIA ; TURKEY; EASTERN QUESTION.
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