BAPTISTS, United, were so-called after the union of the Regular and Separate Bap tists in Kentucicy in 1801. They departed somewhat from the strictly Calvinistic prin ciples laid down by other denominations. The latest census gives the United Baptists 196 churches in, Kentucicy, Tennessee, Missouri, Alabama and Arkansas with a membership of about 13,000. At one time the Association was much stronger than it is now; but the union of many of the United Baptist churches with other Baptist denominations weakened then: greatly.
BAR. /n heraldry, one of the charges known as ordinaries. It is formed by two horizontal lines passing over the shield and occupying one-fifth of the surface.
In hydrography, a barrier of sand in the channel of a river or along the seacoast. Riv ers are constantly engaged in the transporta tion of sediment seaward, and whenever the current is checked the suspended material sinks and accumulates along the bottom. Bars thus formed may disappear during periods of floods when the water gains increased velocity, and they frequently change their position with slight alterations in the course of the current. Sand bars are also common at the mouths of rivers where the flow of the water, and therefore its transporting power, is lessened before entering the sea. The precipitation of the sediment is assisted in this case by the mingling of the fresh and saline water. The formation of such bars dots not differ from that of a delta.. The transporting action of currents and waves sometimes builds up a long line of bars or reefs along the seacoast, as is seen on the At lantic and Gulf shores of the United States. See REEF.
In law, a word having several meanings; thus, it is the term used to signify an enclosure or fixed place in a court of justice where law yers may plead. In English superior courts king's counsel are admitted within the bar; other members of the bar sit or stand outside. A railed-off space within the Houses of Lords and Commons is similarly called the bar. The dock, or enclosed space, where accused persons stand or sit during their trial is also called the bar; hence the expression ((prisoner at the bar.)
It has also a general meaning in legal proced ure, signifying something by way of stoppage or prevention. There is also a trial at bar that is, a trial before the judges of a particular court, who sit together for that -purpose in bane. The term is used both in England and the United States as a synonym for the legal profession.
In music, a line drawn vertically across the staff, for the purpose of dividing the music into equal measures of time. The term is very often improperly applied to measures them selves. The quantity of time included between two bars varies as the time is triple or common, the former being equivalent to three crotchets and the latter to four. The thick bar at the end of a piece of music is called the double bar. Bars were first used about the middle of the 15th century. See MEASURE.
BAR, Karl Ludwig von, German jurist: b. Hanover 1836; d. 21 Aug. 1913. He was trained in the universities of Gottingen and Berlin, and sat in the Reichstag 1890-93. He was a strong advocate of publicity as well as of more humane procedure in all criminal trials. Sometime professor at Gottingen and a member of The Hague tribunal, Dr. Bar ac quired a world-wide reputation as a high au thority on international law and a leading advocate of international arbitration. Import ant works by him are Mas Internationale Privat und (1862) ; (Die Redefrci heit der Mitglieder gezetzgebender Versamm lungen> (1868) ; 'Die Lehre vom Kausalzu sammenhange im Rechte) (1871) ; 'Das Deutsche Reichsgericht' (1875) ; (Staat und Katholische Kirche in Preussen) (1883).
BAR, Russia, a town in the government of Podolia; so called after the birthplace of its foundress, Bona Sforza, the wife of King Sig ismund I of Poland. It is famous as the place where a confederation of the Polish people was held with a view to combating the Russian in fluence and the adherents of Russia in Poland, 29 Feb. 1768. The Russians took Bar by storm on the following 28 May, together with 1,400 men and 20 pieces of cannon. Eleven fairs are annually held here. • Leather-dressing, dis tilling, brick-making and a trade in grain are carried on. Pop. about 13,000.