a punishment employed by the which consists of blows upon the back or soles of the applied with a light wooden stick or with a knotted string.
a flanking tower in mediaeval from which archers and war ma chines could direct their projectiles on the storming enemy while he was held in check by the On the introduction of artillery into Europe towers were made considerably larger than and in the beginning of the 16th century, the Italian engineers made them polygonal instead of round or square, thus forming a bastion. This is an irregular penta gon, one side of which is turned inward toward the so that the opposite salient angle faces the open The two longer sides, en closing the salient are called the faces; the two shorter ones, connecting them with the town wall or rampart, are called the flanks. The faces are destined to reply to the distant fire of the the flanks to protect the ditch by their The first Italian bastions still showed their descent from the ancient towers. They kept close to the main walls; the salient angle was very obtuse, the faces short, and the parapet revetted with masonry to the very top. Bastions are built in very different Some are entirely filled with earth; some have a void space inside; some are straight, some curved, some some have even three or four one over the other; some have fmusebrayes, or low ramparts of earth sometimes they have casemates, des tined for the retreat of the garrison, or for sometimes cavaliers or orillons, etc. In modern among the fortifications built according to the system of those on the plan of Cormontaigne and the modern French works are considered best adapted for They are the flank of the side which is perpendicular to the prolongation of the face of the principal bul wark, is not farther distant than 300 paces from its point; it is also straight, and orillons and other artificial contrivances are banished. See Foaririceriox.
English physician: b. Writtle in Essex
d.
He settled at Colchester, but instead of confining himself to his profession entered keenly into theological
and in 1624 procured the publica tion in Holland of a treatise which he had writ ten, entitled
South an English Crown colony, lying to the east of the Orange River Colony, and on the northeast of Cape Colony. The Basutos belong chiefly to the great stem of the out of one of the chief branches of whom along with the sur vivors of various other tribes, they have Their countenance Is better formed than that of the although they have the flat protruding lips, and woolly hair of the Their figure is slender and well the color of their skin a very dark brown, and their disposition cheerfu mild and Their land, called by them selves Lesuto, is very and is cultivated with great industry; but its fertility has long exposed them to the encroachments of their neighbors. Under their chief Moshesh, who died in 1869, they were raised from a state of utter barbarism to a certain degree of civiliza and the land was thrown open to mis Being however, to constant attacks of their warlike Moshesh was at last induced to request the English gov ernment to adopt them as subjects. This was acceded to, and in 1868 Basutoland was declared English being annexed to Cape Colony in In however, Basutoland was placed under the direct authority of the home Since 1903 Basutoland is a mem ber of the South African Customs Union. The imports consist chiefly of clothing and blankets, agricultural metal products and The yearly imports average about and the exports about $1,000,000. Basutoland is administered by a resident under the high commissioner of South Africa. It is divided into seven districts, subffivided into wards adndnis tered by hereditary chiefs.. The administra tion of justice is also, to a very large extent, in the hands of native judges. A railway from Maseru connects with the South African rail way system. It has an area of about 10,300 square miles. Pop. (1911) 404,507. Consult Widdicombe, 'Fourteen Years in Basutoland> r892 ; Barkley, 'Among Boers and Basutos) 1900 ; Bryce, 'Impressions of South Africa) 1899 ; Ellenberger, 'History of the Basuto> (1912).