Manufactures.— The manufactures of Ba varia are singly not very important, being mostly on a small scale and conducted by indi viduals of limited capital. The principal artt cles manufactured are linens, woolens, cottons, silks, leather, paper, glass, earthen, iron and steel ware, jewelry, etc., but the supply of some of these articles is inadequate to the home con sumption. Of leather, paper, glass and iron ware rather large quantities are exported. There are also tobacco and beet-sugar fan tories, tanneries and chemical works. The op tical and mathematical instruments made at Munich are the best on the Continent and are prized accordingly. But the most important branch of manufacture in Bavaria is the brew ing of beer — the universal and favorite bev erage of the country. The per capita produc tion was about 60 gallons in 1912; total amount brewed was 424,605,764 gallons. The amount of alcohol produced was 3,581,028 gallons. The beer, however, is not only consumed in the country of its production, but is sent to all parts of Germany and even as far as America and India. A portion of the industrial popu lation maintain themselves by weaving linen and by the manufacture of articles in wood (some of which are of beautiful workman ship), and by the felling and hewing of timber. Among the exports are corn, timber, wine, cattle, leather, glass, hops, fruit, beer, iron and steel wares, machinery, fancy articles, toys, colors, lucifer matches, stoneware, etc. Among the imports are coffee, cacao, tea, cotton, to bacco, drugs, copper, oil, spices, dyestuffs, silk and silk goods, lead, etc.
Trtmsportation.— From its position Bava ria enjoys a considerable portion of transit trade, much facilitated by the good roads that traverse the country in all directions. The means of communication are now very com plete. The Danube, the Rhine, the Main, the Regnitz, etc., afford ample scope for inland navigation, besides the Konig Ludwig Canal, which connects the Main near Bamberg with the Altmiihl a short distance above its em bouchure in the Danube, thus establishing direct water' communication through the Rhine be tween the Noith Sea and the Black Sea. The railway system has been carried out on an ex tensive scale. The lines are partly state prop erty, partly private. The number of miles in operation amounted in 1914 to 5,173 miles, of which 5,102 miles were normal gauge and 71 miles narrow gauge. The railway debt was $485,165,320, and the gross receipts from the state railways $77,083,200. The state also pos sesses two canals. Bavaria's foreign trade is embraced in that of the German Customs Union. In 1913 there were 19,626 miles of telegraph lines.
Education and Art.—The department of education is under the superintendence of the Superior Board of Education and Ecclesiasti cal Affairs. A complete system of inspection is established throughout the country, the re ports of the inspectors including not only the number and proficiency of the scholars, but also the conduct of the teachers, the state of the buildings and the nature and extent of the funds available. It is necessary in Bavaria,
before admission can be obtained into any higher school, to have passed a satisfactory examination in the lower school. Not only must all candidates for offices under the state pass examinations, but examinations are held of apprentices in trade who wish to become masters, and even of the officers in the .anny on promotion. In 1911-12 there were 7,727 elementary schools, with 19,109 teachers and 1,064,579 pupils; 333 agricultural schools, with 6,847 pupils, besides 442 winter schools, with 1,877 pupils. Attendance at school is com pulsory from 6 to 16 years of age. There are three universities in Bavaria — two of which (Munich and Wfirzburg) are Roman Catho lic and one (Erlangen) Protestant. In 1913-14 the University of Munich had 265 professors and instructors and 6,802 pupils; that of Wiirz burg, 101 professors and instructors and 1,515 pupils; and that of Erlangen, 81 professors and instructors and 1,341 pupils. There are also several lycea, 43asia, numerous Latin, normal and polytechnicis schools, besides academies of arts and sciences, fine arts, hor ticulture, etc. The capital, Munich (pop. 1915 about 630,000), contains a library of about 1, 100,000 volumes and 50,000 MSS., several scien tific and literary institutions, academies and national societies, and extensive collections of works of art.
Bavaria enjoys the honor of having origi nated a school of painting of a high order of merit, known as the Nuremberg school, founded about the middle of the 16th century by Albert Diirer (q.v.), a native of that town, whose works are little, if at all, inferior to those of his great Italian contemporaries. Hans Hol bein (q.v.), who excelled Dfirer in portrait, though far behind him in historical painting, was also a native of Bavaria, having been born at Augsburg about 1460. To these celebrated names have been added those of the eminent sculptors Kraft and Vischer (qq.v.), both also Bavarians; the former born probably at Nu remburg about 1450-55 and the latter about 1460. The masterpiece of the latter distin guished artist is the bronze shrine of Saint Sebaldus in Nuremberg, esteemed a marvel of art for beauty of design and delicacy of work manship. The most celebrated of Kraft's works is the remarkable tabernacle in stone affixed against one of the columns of the choir of the church of Saint Lawrence, also in Nuremberg. The restoration of Bavarian in modern times, in connection with the fine arts, is, in a great measure, if not entirely, owing to Louis I, whose love of art and liberal patron age have rendered the capital one of the most celebrated seats of fine arts in Europe. His grandson, Louis II, was a great patron of music and the protector of Richard Wagner.