Many libraries, including the Royal Library of about a million volumes, provide opportuni ties for study in every field of knowledge.
Monuments and Public Buildings.— There are a large number of monuments on the streets and public squares of the city. A considerable number of them have been erected during the reign of the present Emperor, and, in fact, un der his immediate influence.
The number of the palaces and public build ings is likewise very large, though, as com pared with other German cities, Berlin is poor in specimens of old architecture.
There are numerous theatres, including the Royal Play House, the Royal Opera House, the New Royal Opera-Theatre, 13 other large the atres, and about a dozen smaller ones, a num ber of so-called ((cabarets," and two permanent circuses.
Churches.— The oldest churches in Berlin are the Nikolai Church and Saint Mary's. Both were built in the 13th century hut have been restored. Further, Saint Peter's may be men tioned. There are more than 40 evangelical churches, the most important being the Em peror William Memorial Church, built in 1891 95 in beautiful Romanic style (two large neighboring houses are in the same style of architecture); the Emperor Frederick Memorial Church, situated in the Thiergarten; and the New Cathedral (dedicated in 1905), built in Italian Renaissance style and orna mented with numerous sculptures. A French church was built in 1701-05; and there are also an English and an American church. Saint Hedwig's Church (Catholic) dates from the middle of the 18th century. Of the two larger synagogues the oldest and finest dates from the year 1866.
Monumental Buildings.— To be mentioned here especially are the Royal Palace, the palaces of Emperor William I, Emperor Fred erick and Prince Albrecht, and the palace at Charlottenburg; further numerous state build ings, e.g., those occupied by the Departments of War and Education, the Foreign Office, the Imperial Health Office, the Imperial Insurance Office, the Patent Office, the Abgeordnetenhaus, and the large Reichstag building, in Italian Renaissance style; also various railway stations and palatial structures of the Postal Depart ment. Of municipal buildings the city hall
deserves mention; further, the city museum and numerous public schools; also the new city hall in Charlottenburg. The magnificent structures of the large banks, stores, breweries, insurance companies, etc., add much to the beauty of the city. The arcade between Frederick street and Unter-den-Linden may also be mentioned.
Bridges, Statuary, Fountains.— The follow ing are the more notable of the monumental bridges in Berlin: Heydtbriicke, Potsdamer briicke, Belle Alliancebriicke, Kurfiirstenbriicke, Wilhelmbriicke, Friedrichbriicke, Schlossbriicke, Moltkebriicke and Oberbaumbriicke. Aside from the National Monument, the most note worthy statues in the central part of the city ate those of William I, Frederick the Great, the Great Elector, Frederick William III, Emperor Frederick, Empress Augusta, the two Hum boldts, Helmholtz, Luther, Schiller, Waldeck and Schulze-Delitzsch. In front of the Reichstag building is an immense bronze statue of Bis marck. Near by are the statues of Moltke and Roon and the Column of Victory, which over looks the 32 marble groups of Brandenburgian and Prussian statesmen and rulers in the Ave nue of Victory. Other notable statues in the Thiergarten are those of Goethe, Lessing, Richard Wagner, Frederick William III and Queen Louise. Some of the numerous foun tains worthy of note are the large fountain before the palace, which was designed by Begas and presented by the city on the accession of Emperor William II; the Hercules Fountain on Liitzowplatz, which was designed by Lessing; and the artificial water-fall in Victoria Park.
Trade, Transportation and Population.— The land traffic of Greater Berlin in 1910 amounted to 12,697,965 tons (exclusive of transit trade), and the water-borne traffic to 8,848,900 tons. In that year the value of the exports to the United States and its possessions amounted to $17,172,413.