GABRIEL BETHLEN, Prince of Transyl vania: b. 1580; d. 1629. He was a member of a prominent Protestant family of upper Hun gary, which also held large estates in Transyl vania. At the age of 17 he entered the service of Gabriel Bathori, prince of Transylvania, fought under his orders and then repaired to Constantinople, where his courage gained him the esteem of the Turks. Prompted by ambi tion, he became ungrateful to his first benefac tor, and after bringing Bathori into bad odor with both the Transylvanians and the Turks, managed to make the latter declare war and actually headed a Turkish army against him. His treachery was successful and in 1613 he was proclaimed prince of Transylvania in de fiance of the Emperor. Shortly after, having succeeded in stirring up the Hungarians against the Emperor Frederick II, he took se.veral towns and in 1620 was chosen Icing of Hun gary. Thereafter, supported by Turks and Tar tars, he entered Austrian terntory, laid waste Moravia, hemmed in the imperial army and was on the eve of gaining a complete victory when the refusal of the Turks to 'undergo a winter campaign defeated all his hopes. The approach of Tilly compelled him to withdraw. The Protestants of Germany were his allies, and when they were worsted at the bat tle of Prague Bethlen-Gabor concluded peace with Ferdinand II, receiving Kaschau, seven Hungarian counties adjoining Transylvania, the principalities of Oppeln and Ratibor in Silesia and the rank of Prince of the Empire. In 1625 he married Catharine of Brandenburg and became again involved in the Thirty Years' War. He at length retired from the strife and
gave his attention to the internal affairs of Transylvania. He was one of gthe three great Magyars° of his time, was an able administra tor and a promoter of sciences and literature. While preparing for a new war against the imperialists he died of dropsy. He ts said to have participated in 42 battles.
Moritz Au gust, German jurist and statesman: b. Frank fort-on-the-Main, 10 April 1795; d. Andernach, 14 July 1877. Having graduated from his law studies at Gottingen and Berlin, he was ap pointed professor of civil law at the latter in stitution. In 1829 he was appointed to a similar position at Bonn, which he held until lf342. Three years later he was made a councillor of state and in 1852 he became a member of the First Chamber of the Prussian Parliament. In 1858 he was appointed Minister of Public In struction, which office he held for four years. He was a strong supporter of the Moderate Constitutionalist Party. As a writer on juris prudence he had a deep influence in the reforms of the German laws following the enactrnent of the German Civil Code in 1896. Among his works are (Grundriss zu Vorlesungen iiber den gemeinen und preussischen Civilprozess' (1821); (Ursru-ung der lombardischen Stadte freiheit' (1846); (Der Civilprozess des ge meinen Rechts in geschichtlicher Entwickelung' (6 vols., 1864-74) ; (Ueber Gestezgebung und Rechtswissenshaft als Aufgabe unserer Zeit' (1876).