The fourth period begins with 1620 and ends with 1774. After the battle at the White Mountain, the whole Bohemian nation sub mitted entirely to the conqueror. The popula tion of most of the cities and of whole districts migrated in order not to be false to their faith. More than 70,000 men, and almost the whole of the nobility, all the Protestant clergy, scholars and artists, in general the most culti vated part of the nation, left their native country. Of these emigrants the greater part formed the flower of the army of Count Mans field. Hence the Thirty Years' War depopu lated Bohemia more than any other country, since these fugitives endeavored to regain their native country by repeated invasions. The fugitives established at Amsterdam, Dresden, Berlin, Breslau and Halle printing presses, and sent to their brethren in Bohemia, Moravia and Hungary a number of books, mostly new editions. Some Bohemians who observed the decay of their language strove to remedy it; as Pesina Z. Cechorodu; Joh. Beckowslcy, who continued the Bohemian history to 1620; W. Weseley, who wrote a work on geometry and trigonometry, etc.; but the decay was too great to admit of being checked; the nobility had be come strangers, and the government en couraged only German literature. From this time, therefore, the Bohemians wrote more in the German language.
In the fifth period, from 1774 to the present time, a new ray of hope shone on Bohemian literature, when, under the Emperor Joseph II, a deputation of secret Bohemian Protestants, trusting to his liberal views, made him ac quainted with the great number of their brethren of the same faith. He perceived the necessity of introducing toleration, and hun dreds of thousands of Protestants in Bohemia and Moravia came to light: their concealed works were printed anew, their classical lan guage was again acknowledged and cultivated. Under this protection many men of merit, mindful of the fame of their ancestors, en deavored to cultivate anew all branches of the sciences, and to rival, if possible, the results attained by their more advanced neighbors.
From about the year 1820 great activity was manifested by the Bohemian writers in the various departments of literature. A little be fore this Milton's 'Paradise Lost) was trans lated into Bohemian, and subsequently Shakes dramas, or most of them, were like wise translated, the native drama being also cultivated. Kollar and Chelakovsky distin guished themselves in poetry, and perhaps even more Hynek Macha, whose poem "Mays is said to still maintain an influence over Bohe mian poetry. Kollar and Chelakovsky were advocates of the Panslavic movement. The chief work of the former was 'Slava's Daughter,' a long lyrico-epic poem. Several writers became well known as novelists, some of them following the lead of Sir Walter Scott. Jungmann (the translator of Milton) brought out a valuable 'History of Czech Literature,' and Schafarik his 'History of the Slavonic Language and Literature> • and his 'Slavonic Antiquities.) Among more recent poets of note may be mentioned the names of Halek Hey duk and Neruda, but it must be admitted that few Bohemian writers have become generally known, even by name, to the European reading public.
Bibliography.— Dictionaries : Celakovsky, k..
v 'Additions to Jungmann's Dictionary' Prague 1851) ; Gebauer, 'Slovnik Staro&s ) (ib. 1901) ; Herzer, lifter buch) (ib. 1901) ; Jonas, 'Dictionary of the Bohemian and English Languages) (Wisconsin 1891) ; Jungmann, (Slovmk fesko-nemeck§) (5 vols., Prague 1839) ; Kott, (Bohmisch deutsches Worterbuch) (7 vols., Prague 1878 93) ; Rank, (Taschenworterbuch der barnisch deutschen Sprach& (6th ed., ib. 1895) ; Su mayskl, Worterbuch) (3d ed., ib. 1874). Grammars: Blahoslav, 'Grammatica Ceska> (1867) ; Dobrovskfr, 'Lehrgebaude der bohmischen Sprache' (Prague 1819) • Gebauer, (Hliskoslovi, jazyka ceskeho) (ib. 1876) ; id., 'Mluvnice eska pro gloaly stredni' (ib. 1890) ; id., (Historicka rnluvnice jazyka ceskeho) (ib., 1896-98) ; Mas arik, (Bohmische Schulgrammatik) (5th ed., Prague 1890) ; Vymazal, 'Bohmische Gram matik filr deutsche Mittelschulen und Lehrer bildungs-Anstalten' (Brunt' 1881).