In 1850 the Russians established themselves at the mouth of the Sir (Jaxartes), where it flows into the Sea of Aral, and in 1864 they found it necessary to proceed farther up the river. They made themselves masters of the two towns Turkestan and Aulie-ata, and after bringing them into communication with one another, invested Chemkend, Niazbek and Chinab. The land thus occupied, which up to that time had formed the northern half of the khanatc of Khokand, was, along with some other districts that had previously been an nexed to Russia, erected into the Russian gov ernment of Turkestan, and incorporated with the general government of Orenburg, by the ukase of 14 Feb. (26) 1865. By a subsequent ukase, dated 11 July (23) 1867, this territory was constituted a general government. Soon after the Khan of Khokand invaded the Russian territory, in consequence of which the Russians advanced still farther south and attacked Tash kend, which they took on 28 June 1865. They did not, however, incorporate Tashkend with the Russian territory, but declared it an inde pendent khanate under the protection of Russia. This arrangement was opposed by Muzaffer Eddin, Emir of Bokhara, whereupon the Rus sian general Romanovski again assumed the offensive and marching into Bokhara took Kho jend by storm on 5 June 1866. In this way Russia came into the possession of the whole basin of the Sir. Not long after Tashkend was incorporated with the Russian territory by the desire of the inhabitants. Meanwhile the war with Bokhara still went on, and peace was not concluded till, the beginning of 1867. This peace, however, did not last long. The war was renewed in the spring of the following year, and it was only in July 1868 that the terms of peace between Russia and Bokhara were finally agreed upon. Bokhara was to give up Samarcand and Katti Kurghan, along with the surrounding districts (constituting the tract of land watered by the Zerafshan), and at the same time promised to pay an indemnity to Rus sia and to protect her trade. Since then the peace has not been broken, but the Emir of Bokhara has sunk more and more into a posi tion of entire dependency on Russia. During
the autumn the Russians intervened against the Emir's son, who had risen in revolt against him, and on .12 October in the following year the Emir sent an embassy with presents (tnbute) to the Tsar at Saint Petersburg. In the meantime Muzaffer-Eddin had fallen into a dispute with Afghanistan. Sere Ali Khan, of Kabul, had given a favorable reception to the rebellious son of the Emir, and Muzaffer-Eddin, probably in consequence of encouragement from Russia, now thought himself able to make good his for mer claim to Badakshan and the territory lying about the sources of the Oxus, especially since the Khan of Kabul seemed to have but a slight hold of these parts. He had accordingly already sent out an army with the view of conquering those parts, when, toward the end of 1869, pres sure being put upon him by Russia, he con cluded a treaty with Kabul by which the Oxus was fixed as the boundary of the coterminous states, and this boundary was afterward recog nized by Russia and England. After the Rus sian expedition to Khiva in 1873 an agreement was made between Russia and Bokhara on 28 September of that year, according to which Bokhara received a portion of the territory that had been ceded by Khiva to Russia, while the Russians received various privileges in return. Muzaffer-Eddin died in 1885, and was succeeded by his son Abdul-Ahad. He abolished slavery in 1886, visited Petrograd seven years later and left there the heir to the throne to be educated along Russian lines. Abdul Ahad died 6 Jan. 1911; his son and successor, Sayid-Mir-Alim Khan (b. 3 Jan. 1880), in April 1917 promised to grant a democratic constitution. No for eigner can enter Bokhara without a Russian passport; the troops, which were formerly ill trained and badly armed, have been drilled by Russian instructors and armed with rifles. Con sult Le Messurier, 'From London to Bokhara' (1899) ; O'Donovan, 'The Mery Oasis' (1880) ; Curzon, 'Russia in Central Asia' (1889) ; Shrine and Ross, 'The Heart of Asia' (1889) ; Olaf sen, 'The Emir of Bokhara and His Coun try' (1911).