Three lines of steamers provided regular passenger and freight service to the ports of Mollendo, Antofagasta and Arica in 1917. These were the Peruvian Steamship and Dock Company, the South American Steamship Com pany and the Pacific Steam Navigation Com pany. Numerous tramp steamers also call at these ports. Owing to the steady increase of Bolivian, Peruvian and Chilean trade from 1910-17, a Japanese, a Norwegian and a United States steamship line were being projected for the Pacific coast of South America in 1917. In this latter year 'W. R. Grace and Company of New York announced that they were about to establish a line of new and fast steamers between New York and Callao, and that they expected to make the trip in 20 days. In 1916 a Japanese steamship line opened up a regular monthly service between Japan and west-coast ports of South America, via San Francisco and several other ports on the Pacific. The estab lishment of a smelter at Tacoma by the Ameri can Smelting and Refining Company called into being shipment facilities for the transportation of ores from South America with return car goes of goods from the north.
Military service is compulsory, by the law of 15 Dec. 1915, upon all males between 19 and 50 years of age. About one year is required to be spent in the ranks before reach ing the age of 25; from this latter age to 30 the ordinary reserve* claims the Bolivian, after which he passes to the °extraordinary reserve* for 10 years, spending the last 10 years as a member of the Territorial Guard. The per manent Bolivian army consists of four infantry regiments of 500 men each, one cavalry regi ment 500 strong, one mountain artillery regi ment (300), one field artillery regiment (300), one of four batteries (Schneider-Canet), one machine-gun regiment (150) ; a total, includ ing officers and privates, of 4,000. The Boliv
ian model of the Mauser rifle of 1898 is the arm of the infantry. The °Columnas,* bodies of men of from 100 to 200, guard the chief towns of each department, and these, supple mented by other forces of 300 each for garri soning the northwest, southwest, north and east, make a very considerable body, which is continually fluctuating but is capable pf being expanded to battalions when necessary. The army (active and first reserve, which numbers over 50000) is trained by European officers.
Adams, A. A., (The Pla teau Peoples of South America: An Essay in Ethnic Psychology) (London 1915) ; The Amer icas (published monthly, New York 1914 17) ; Ballivian, A., 'Bolivia: Memorial from the Gov't-Delegate, Pan-American Financial Conference) (conclusion dated New York 1915) ; Bandelier, A. F., 'The Islands of Titi caca and Koati' (New York 1910) ; 'Bolivia and the Opening of the Panama Canal' (New York 1912) ; 'Brazil and Bolivia Boundary Settlement' (New York 1904); Mines, G., del Pacifico) (Valparaiso 1912-14); Fiore, P., (Remarks on the Arbitral Sentence Pronounced by the President, (New York 1910) ; Medina, E. Diez de, (Bolivia'—(Resu men' (La Paz 1914). Monetary System: Crosby, J. T., (Latin American Monetary Sys tems and Exchange Conditions) (New York 1915), and Gonzales, V., Foreign Ex (New York 1914). Travel and De scription: d'Orbigny, A., 'Fragments d'un voyage au centre de l'Amerique Meridionale) (Paris 1845) ; Peixotto, E., Shores from Panama> (New York 1913) • Post, C. J., 'Across the Andes) (New York 1912) ' • Wale, P.— chargé de missions, du Ministre du Com merce Bolivie et ses Mines' (Paris 1913). Other titles are given in the body of the article.