BOULGER, George Simonds, English botanist: b. Blechingley; Surrey, 5 March 1853. He has been professor of botany and geology at City of London College from 1884 and has published (1886-£49) ' • 'The Uses of Plants) (1889); (Biographical Index of British and Irish Botanists,' with Britten (1893) • (The Country, Month by with Owen (1894-95); (Elementary Geology) (1896) ; of the Field) (1900) ; (1902); (1912); (Plant Geography) (1912) • (British Flowering Plants) with Mrs. Henry Perrin (4 vols., 1914).
sur mar, France, a fortified seaport of northern France, 22 miles southwest of Calais, at the mouth and on the right bank of the river Liane, with the suburb of Capecure on the left. The town proper consists of an upper and lower town. The former is surrounded with old and well-planted ramparts, now fashionable boulevards; the latter, which is the business section, has straight and well-built streets and is semi-English in character, many of the signboards being in English, the shops having an English air, and much English being spoken. The church of Notre Dame (begun in 1827, consecrated in 1866) has a magnifi cent high altar, and a crypt, part of which dates from the 12th century. Among the churches, some of which are handsome edifices, there are several for the English population. The castle, which dates from 1231, is a mas sive structure, communicating with the upper town by a bridge. Here Louis Napoleon was imprisoned in 1840 after his attempted resur rection. Other noteworthy buildings are the Hotel de Ville, the Palais de Justice, the large and handsome bathing establishment, the ex clusive public library, the museum of natural history and antiquities, etc. Boulogne carries
on various industries, is one of the chief French seaports and is a great fishing centre. There is a large passenger traffic between Boulogne and Folkestone. Boulogne still ex hibits some Roman remains. The Northmen took it in 882 and massacred the inhabitants. In 1544 the town was taken by Henry VIII of England after a siege of six weeks. The English retained it till 1550, when Edward VI sold it to France for 400,000 crowns. The Emperor Charles V demolished it in 1553. During the first republic Boulogne received the name of Port de ]'Union. Bonaparte, with a view to the invasion of England, ordered the harbor to be made deeper, and a number of vessels to be built in order to transport his army. A large army was encamped here for many months waiting to embark; but upon the breaking out of hostilities with Austria in 1805 they were called elsewhere. Pop. 53,128.
sin, France, town in the department of the Seine, south west of Paris, of which it is a suburb. Saint Cloud is on the opposite bank of the Seine and is connected with it by a stone bridge. It contains linen bleacheries and manufactures perfumes. The famed amusement and play ground centre of Paris, the Bois de Boulogne, is named after Boulogne-sur-Seine. The place was formerly known as Menus-les Saint-Cloud. Pop. 57,027.