Modern Of European nations Italy has led the race for producing art-bronze work. She has ' relied much on low-priced reproductions of antiques, but her sales have reached the world over on account of the su perior quality of the workmanship. Germany's art-metal output for a number of years was reduced- largely to statues, etc., in cast-iron, bronze-coated zinc, etc., till, in the seventies of last century, they cultivated the use of cuivre poll (a species of brass). Later came true bronze art work into vogue, and statuary and decorative pieces prevailed. Noted early found ries are Royal Foundry, Berlin; Burgschmiet of Nuremberg, Stiglmayer of Munich, Howalt of Brunswick. Later, vieing with the French product, come the foundries of Gladenbach & Sons (Berlin), Miller (Munich), Stotz (Stutt gart). These factories excel in statuary. In Austria, with Vienna in the lead, we find quite . an industry in household art materials (chan deliers are notable) and decorative pieces.
Belgian bronzes have been largely produced around 1870, especially in figure work, with such artists as Meunier and van der Stappen to promote them.
The United States have done valuable work in art-bronzes under such direction as the Tif fany studios and Gorhams.
Bibliography.— Barbedienne, Ferdinand, 'Bronzes d'Art' (Paris 1893); Bisei, Unno, 'Japanese Art-Metal Working' ; 'Collection of J. P. Morgan: Bronzes, antique Greek Roman,
etc.) (Paris 1913); Daragon, Laurent, 'Le bronze d'art' (Paris 1881); Delon, 'Le cuivre et le bronze' (Paris 1877) ; Edgerton, Giles,'Bronze Sculpture in America,' in The Craftsman (1908) ; Fortnum, C. D. E., 'Bronzes? (South Kensington Museum Art Handbooks, New York 1877); Gangoly, O. C., 'South Indian Bronzes' (Calcutta 1915); Goldschmidt, Fritz, italienischen Bronzen der Renaissance and des Barock' (Berlin 1914); Grey, Edward, 'A Brief History of Japanese Bronzes' (New York 1888) ; Havard, Henry, 'Les bronzes d'art et d'ameublement' (Paris 1897); Lessing, Julius, 'Bronzen des XVIIIte Jahrhunderts) (Berlin Kunstgewerbe Museum Vorbilder hefte, Berlin 1898); McIntyre, R. G., 'Small Bronzes and Their Makers: the Recent Works of some American Sculptors,) in Arts and Dec oration (New York 1912); Molinier, Louis M., 'Les bronzes de la ('Bibliotheque Internationale de l'Art,' Paris 1886); Murray, A. S., 'Greek Bronzes' (London 1898) ; Rid der, A. de, 'Bronzes antiques' (Paris 1913) ; Swarzenski, Georg, Bronze gerath) (Berlin Kuntsgewerbe Museum Vor bilderhefte, Berlin 1902); Wilson, H., 'Silver work and Jewelry' (New York 1912).