Brazil, by virtue of the same agreement (Treaty of Petropolis, Article 7), was placed under an obligation which has been scrupulously discharged, namely, "to build on Brazilian terri tory, by herself or by a private company, a rail which, in brief, supplies an outlet to the Madeira and Amazon for Bolivian products. In June 1914 the dispute with Great Britain over the frontier of British Guiana was ended by the award of the arbitrator, the King of Italy, who gave 14,000 square miles to Brazil and about 19,000 square miles to the other con testant, In 1906 Dr. Alfonso Penna was elected President. An international conference was held at Rio de Janeiro 23 July to 27 Aug. 1907. The occasion was made memorable by the formal visit of Elihu Root, Secretary of State of the United States. President Penna de creed, 13 Jan. 1908, a reduction of the tariff duties on several American products, in return for the favor shown by the United States to Brazilian coffee. An arrangement was made with the Imperial Emigration Company of Tokio for bringing over 3,000 Japanese colonists within two years at the expense of Brazil (see article LABOR). President Penna died 14 June 1909 and was succeeded by Vice-President Per,anha. Marshal Hermes da Fonseca was elected to the presidency 1 March 1910. On 22 November the crews of the warships Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo mutinied in the harbor of Rio. These vessels were surrendered to the government 27 November. Baron Rio Branco died in 1912, and was succeeded as Foreign Minister by Gen. Lauro Muller. In 1913 relations between the United States and Brazil were strained in consequence of the action filed by the administration of the former country against the Brazilian committee in charge of the valorization of coffee. After the dismissal of the valorization suit, Brazil restored the preferential tariff on American products, which had been suspended during the dispute, and Gen. Lauro Muller returned Secretary Root's visit. In 1914 Vice-President Wenceslio Braz was elected President. In May 1915 a treaty of alliance was signed at Buenos Aires by representatives of Brazil, Argentina and. Chile. Three months later Brazil was associated with the United States, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and Guate mala in efforts to restore law and order in Mexico. In 1916 Brazil continued to feel, more than other Latin American countries, the ex tremely injurious effect of the scarcity of ships, withdrawal of credits, soaring prices and de clining rate of exchange which the European War occasioned. This subject is examined in its proper connection and relations in the articles COMMERCE and BANKING AND FINANCE.
War with Germany. When Germany an nounced her program of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917 the Brazilian govern ment protested, stating at the same time (13 February) that the German government would be held responsible to Brazil for all the conse quences thereof and threatening to break dip lomatic relations in the event of a subma rine attack against a Brazilian vessel. On 4 April the Parana, a Brazilian vessel, was tor pedoed without warning, and six days later the Brazilian government severed diplomatic rela tions with Germany in accordance with the terms of its note of 13 February. On 28 April 1917 Brasil issued a proclamation of neutrality with regard to the war between the United States and Germany. The Brazilian Congress met on 3 May 1917 and on the 22d of the same month the President in a message recommended the revocation of the proclamation of neutrality, wishing to emphasize the solidarity of Brazil with the United States. Other sinkings of Brazilian vessels aggravated the situation be tween Germany and Brazil. On 29 May the President was authorized by Congress to with draw the decree of neutrality and to utilize the German ships which had been taken in charge about a month before. On 29 June the decree
of neutrality of 4 Aug. 1914 with regard to the war between Great Britain and Germany was withdrawn. American and Entente warships were now free to enter Brazilian ports and an American fleet visited Rio, where it received a great ovation. Brazil's navy co-operated with' that of the United States in patrolling the south Atlantic. On 25 October President Braz sent a message to Congress stating that Ger many had virtually brought a state of warfare on Brazil and recommended that Congress au thorize a formal declaration of a state of war. On the 26th, therefore, by a vote of 149 to 1 and a unanimous vote in the Senate, such a declaration was authorized and a state of war was proclaimed on 27 October. See LATIN AMERICA AND THE WAR.
Actifia, C. de, 'Nuevo Des cubrimiento del Gran Rio de las Amazonas' (Madrid 1641, reprint, 1891) same in and Discoveries in South America' (London 1698); Aiirassiz, L., and Mrs. Agassiz 'A Journey in Brazil' (Boston 1896) ; Baldaque da Silva, A. A., '0 Descobrimento do Brazil por Pedro Alvares' Cabral (In: Acad. real das sci. da Lisboa. com. portugueza da Exposicao Colombina, Lisbon 1892) ; Bates, H. W., 'The Naturalist on the River Amazon' (London 1875) ; Bennett, F., 'Forty Years in Brazil' (London 1914); 'Brazil and Bolivia Boundary Settlement); treaty signed 17 Nov. 1903 (New York 1904) ; Brown, C. B., and Lidstone, W. 'Fifteen Thousand Miles on the Amazon and its Tributaries' (London 1878); Bruce, G. J., 'Brazil and the Brazilians> (New York 1914); Bryce, Viscount James, 'South America; Ob servations and Impressions> (New York 1912) ; Buley, E. C., 'North Brazil> (New York 1914); Buley, 'South Brazil' (London 1914) ; Clemen ceau G., 'Notes de voyage dans l'Amerique du (Paris 1911); Cook, W. A. 'Through the Wilderness of Brazil by Horse, Canoe, and Float' (New York 1909); Denis, P., 'Le Brasil au XXI Siecle) (Paris 1909), and 'Brazil' (trans., with historical chapter by Mr. Miall and a supplementary chapter by Mr. Vindin, London 1911); Fabius, A. N. J., 'Johan Maurits, de Braziliaan> (Utrecht 1914) ; Glass, F. C., 'With the Bible in Brazil' (London 1914) ; Grossi, V., 'Storia della Colonizzazione Europea al Brasile e della Emigrazione Italiana> (Milan 1914) Lange, A., 'In the Amazon Jungle' (New York 1912), and 'The Lower Amazon' (lb. 1914) ; Levasseur, E., avec la collaboration de MM. de Rio Branco, E. Prado Brasil' (Paris 1889 and 1890) ; Oakenfull, J. C., 'Brazil in I913' (Frome, England 1914); Pedro I, Em peror of Brazil, (Corresp. de D. Pedro Premier avec le feu roi de Portugal) (Paris 1827) ; Reyes, R., 'The Two Americas' (New York 1914) ; Robinson, G. W., ed., 'Brazil and Portu gal in 1809> (Cambridge 1913); Roosevelt, T., 'Through the Brazilian Wilderness' (New York 1914) ; Southey, R., 'The History of Brazil' (3 vols., London 1817-22) ; Stade, 'Captivity Among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil' (Hakluyt Society 1874) Tomlinson, H. M., 'The Sea and the Jungle> (London 1912) ; Vespucci, Amerigo, 'The First Four Voyages' (reprinted in facsimile and translated from the rare original edition, Florence 1505-06, London 1893) ; also 'Mundus Novus: ein Bericht A. Vespucci's an Lorenzo de Medici fiber seine Reise nach Brazilian in den Jahren 1501-02' (Strassburg 1913) ; Wallace, A. R., 'A Narra tive of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro' (London 1853) ; Walk, P., 'Au Brasil du Rio Sao Francisco a 1'Arnazon0 (Paris 1910), and 'Au pays de l'or noir' (Paris 1909) ; Whiffen, T. W., 'The North-West Amazons' (London 1915) ; Wilberforce, E., 'Brazil Viewed Through a Naval Glass> (with notes on slavery, etc., London 1856) ; Woodroffe, J. F., 'The Upper Reaches of the Amazon' (London 1914); Zahm, J. A. (H. J. Mozans), 'Through South America's Southland' (New York and London 1916).