1 Geography I
1. Geography. I. General-area And Boundaries.- With The Exception Of Alaska, Greenland, Newfoundland, And The Two Small Islands Of Saint Pierre And Miquelon, All The Northern Half Of The North American Continent Is Comprised In Th.: Dominion Of Canada. Alaska, The Great Peninsular Projection At The Northwest Corner Of The ...
11 The Settlement Of
11. The Settlement Of The Ca Nadian West.— Without Ajust Apprecia Tion Of The Attractions And Possibilities Of The °canadian West° As The Larger Half Of The Dominion Situated West Of Lake Superior Has Commonly Been Called, Neither The Canada Of To-day Nor That Of The Future Will Ever Be ...
12 The Constitution
12. The Constitution. In The Ca Nadian Draft Of The Bill, Canada Was Styled A "kingdom?'for That Title "dominion * Was Substituted At The Instance Of Lord Derby, Who Thought That The Title °kingdomx' Might Be Offensive To The Americans. Sir John Mac Donald, As A Strong Monarchist, Deplored The ...
13 Local Government
13. Local Government. Under The British North America Act Of 1867, Which Is Virtually The Constitution Of The Dominion Of Canada, The Organization Of Local Government Is Placed Within The Jurisdiction Of The Several Provinces. There Is Consequently Considerable Variety In The Structure Of Rural And Urban Gov Ernment In ...
14 Imperial Federation
14. Imperial Federation. Im Perial Federation Is The Name Given To The Vari Ous Projects For Revising The Relations Between Great Britain And Her Colonies, So As To Give To The Latter A Share In The Government Of The Empire. The Growth Of The Colonies, And The Increasing Burden Of ...
15 Canada And The
15. Canada And The European War. Though The World At Large Was Sur Prised By The Outbreak Of The Great War, There Was, In Fact, For This Little Justification. Alarms Enough Had Been Given. In 1909 There Was In England An Acute Crisis In Regard To Expendi Ture To Meet ...
16 Diplomatic Relations Of
16. Diplomatic Relations Of The United States With Canada. The Long Anglo-american Peace, Beginning In 1783, Broken Only Once By A Short Period Of War, And Reinaugurated In 1814 By The Treaty Of Ghent, Is The More Remarkable And Significant Because It Has Been Maintained Across The Long Est International ...
17 Primary Education
17. Primary Education. Previous To 1867 There Existed In Canada Four Prov I Inces, Practically Ind Ndent Of Each Other. These Were Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia And Prince Edward Islan These Provinces Es Pecially Ontario And Quebec, Differed Very Greatly. Speaking The People In Quebec Were Of French Origin And ...
18 Secondary Education
18. Secondary Education. The Public High Schools Of The English-speaking• Provinces Have Been Modeled More Or Less Upon Those Of Ontario, Which Was The First (1844) To Organize A System Of Public Instruction. As A Result, There Is A Very General Similarity Amongst Them. Quebec, However, Which Is Largely French ...
1867 1917 48 Public Finance
48. Public Finance, 1867-1917. Up To The Time That The Various Provinces, Which Originally Constituted The Dominion Of Canada, Entered Into Confederation, They Had Depended Almost Entirely For Their Provincial Revenues Upon Customs Duties Upon Imports, Supple Mented By A Limited Set Of Excise Taxes. Direct Taxation Upon Property And ...
19 Higher Education
19. Higher Education. The His Tory Of Higher Education In Canada Is By No Means A Homogeneous Development In All The Provinces. Each Province, Possessing Its Own Machinery Of Local Government And Peculiarities Of Social And Economic Condition, Has, As Might Be Expected, Evolved Its Own System Of Higher Education. ...
2 Outline History And
2. Outline History And Po Litical Development (1534 To 1918). When The Dominion Of Canada Came Into Existence In 1867 The Word Re Ceived A Wholly New Signification. Its Origin Is Doubtful But It Was Applied Loosely In The Early Time To The Regions Occupied By France On The Saint ...
20 Public Education
20. Public Education. Under The Provisions Of The British North America Act, Control Of Public Education In Canada Is Vested In The Provincial Governments. The Position Of Dissentient Denominational Schools Is, It Is True, Specially Safeguarded Under The Act (30-31 Vict., C. 3, Par. 93), And On Their Behalf The ...
21 Technical Education In
21. Technical Education In Canada. The Term Technical Education Is Used With A Variety Of Meanings. The General Idea Seems To Be The Use Of Schools And Indus Trial Appliances In Preparing Young Men And Women For Skilled Occupations. °even In Ger Many," We Are Told, °the Old Apprenticeship Is ...
22 Catholic Education
22. Catholic Education. The French Regime (1608-1760).— During This Period Education In Canada Was Almost En Tirely Under The Control Of The Catholic Church. The First Permanent School Was The °little School° Founded By The Jesuits At Quebec In 1635. The First Institution Of Higher Learning Was The Jesuits' College, ...
23 Literature
23. Literature. In Any Discussion Of Canadian Literature The First Point One Must Set Tle Is, What Is Canadian Literature? What Are Its Essential Characteristics? Is It The Work Of Men And Women Living In Canada, Whether Born There Or Not; Or Must We Confine It To The Writings Of ...
24 Canadian Universities
24. Canadian Universities. There Are In Canada 22 Universities, And Some Of These Have Federated And Affiliated Colleges. As Each Of The Universities And ,colleges Men Tioned In This Article Is Separately Dealt With Under Its Own Name Only A General Summary, Following The Line Of The Provinces From East ...
25 Religious Conditions
25. Religious Conditions. The Religious And Ecclesiastical Life Of Canada Can Not Be Understood Without Some Reference To The Sources From Which It Sprang. The Same Great Forces And Influence Which Molded The History Of The Old World Re-appear Here, But Modified In Their Action And Combinations By The New ...
27 The French Canadian
27. The French Canadian. Geo Graphical Distribution.— In 1911, According To The Last Dominion Census, 2,055,000 Inhabitants Of Canada Were Of French Origin, Being Over 28 Per Cent Of The Whole Population, And Showing An Increase Of 24 Per Cent Since The Census Of 1901. Of These By Far The ...
28 Population Racial Distri
28. Population; Racial Distri Bution And Immigration. In A New Country, Population Grows By Additions From Without Rather Than By Natural Increase, And Questions Relating To Immigration And The For Eign Element Become Of Primary Significance. Especially Is This The Case In Canada After The Experiences Of The Present Century, ...
29 Immigration
29. Immigration. Opportunities For. The Dominion Has Witnessed Within Recent I Years A Great Increase Of Immigration, More Especially From The British Isles And The United States, But Also From The Scandinavian King Doms, France, Belgium And Other Countries Of Europe. Within The Past Decade The Dominion Has Received More ...
3 The Era Of
3. The Era Of Early Discovery. The Early History Of Canada From 1497 To 1632 May For The Sake Of Convenience Be Divided Into Four Periods: (1) The Period Of The Early Ex Plorations Along The Atlantic Seaboard, 1497 1533; (2) The Discovery And Occupation By The French Of Thegulf ...
30 Military System
30. Military System. Historical. The Canadian Military System Has Its Roots In The Principle Of Universal, Compulsory Mili Tary Service. This Principle Was Firmly Estab Lished In The French Colony On The Saint Law Rence; When This Colony Passed Under The Brit Ish Flag And Was Supplemented By English Speaking ...
31 The Acadian Refugees
31. The Acadian Refugees. After The Conquest Of Acadia In 1710— The First And Only Fruit Of Samuel Vetch's Grand Design For The Conquest Of Canada,— The Treaty Of Utrecht (see Utrecht, Peace Or) Provided For The Free Exercise Of The Roman Catholic Religion By Such Of The French Inhabitants ...
32 The Quebec Act
32. The Quebec Act. From The Capitulation Of Montreal In 1760 Down To The Ratification Of The Treaty Of Paris In 1763 Can Ada Was Without Any Form Of Civil Government, The Affairs Of The Colony Being Administered By The Officer In Command Of The British Armies Of Occupation. But ...
33 The Ashburton Treaty
33. The Ashburton Treaty. The Ashburton Treaty (also Called Treaty Of Washington), A Treaty Betweenthe United States And Great Britain, Signed 9 Aug. 1842, Is Chiefly Important For Its Settlement Of The Northeast Ern Boundary Question. The Boundary Between Massachusetts (subsequently Maine) And Brit Ish North America Had Been In ...
34 Clergy Reserves
34. 'clergy Reserves, The. The Clergy Reserves Were Lands Set Apart, By Virtue Of The Constitutional Act Of 1791, For The Maintenance Of The Protestant Clergy In Upper And Lower Canada. The Intention Of The Act Was To Reproduce In The Colony An Episcopal Establishment Similar To That Of Great ...
35 Seigniorial Tenure
35. Seigniorial Tenure. The Sys Tem Of Seigniorial Tenure Was That System Of Public And Private Relations Based Upon The Tenure Of Land Which The French Government Undertook, During The Course Of The 17th And 18th Centuries, To Introduce Into Its North American Colonies, And More Especially Into The Colony ...
36 Hudsons Bay Company
36. Hudson's Bay Company, The.* This Great Trading Company Has Been In Opera Tion Under Its Present Charter For Two And One Third Centuries. Its Charter, Which Is A Very Generous One, Was Given By Easy-going Charles Ii. The Company Owes Its Origin To The Adven Tures In The New ...
37 Washington Treaty
37. Washington Treaty, The. The Treaty Of Washington, Between The United States And Great Britain, Was Signed On 8 May 1871, And Had Reference To The Alabama Claims (q.v.), The Fisheries Question, The Lake, River And Canal Navigation, The Bonding Privilege And The Vancouver Water Boundary Question. In The Years ...
38 Jesuit Estates Act
38. Jesuit Estates Act. This Meas Ure, Passed By The Legislature Of Quebec In Gave Rise To An Agitation Which Occupied Public Attention Throughout All Parts Of Canada During The Following Year And For A Time Threat Ened To Bring About A Reconstruction Of Political Parties. Under The French Regime, ...
39 Agriculture
39. Agriculture. At Least Half Of The Population Of Canada Is Directly Or Indi Rectly Dependent Upon Agriculture, The Chief In Dustry Of The Dominion. During The Present Century Agricultural Development In Canada Has Been Extremely Rapid, And Although Violent Dis Locations Were Caused By The European War There Are ...
4 Under French Rule
4. Under French Rule When The Treaty Of Saint Germain-en-laye (1632) Restored To France (see Francs Hu Her Possessions In North America,, Acadia And Canada Were Still Savage Wastes Prior To This Date Port Royal And Quebec Had Hardly Advanced Beyond The Status Of Con Venient Landing Points, While Tadoussac ...
40 Forest And Lumber
40. Forest And Lumber In Dustry. A Great Forest Stretches Across The Dominion Of Canada From The Atlantic Seaboard To Alaska And The Pacific Ocean, And May Be Roughly Divided Into A Northern Forest And A Southern Forest. The Northern Forest Maybe Subdivided Into A Sparsely Wooded Portion Lying North ...