It will not be necessary to follow in detail the records of the succeeding years up to 1901, which form the second period. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company, which had received large grants of land, became an additional agency in the organizing of immigration move ments as also to a limited extent did the col onization societies which had purchased tracts of land in 1882, 1883 and 1884. A movement which began in 1889 and 1890 and ultimately attained considerable proportions was that from Austria-Hungary. The year 1890 was marked by a considerable immigration from Great Brit ain. Migration from the eastern provinces of Canada remained moderate until 1898. In 1899 over 7,000 Doukhobors were brought in and established in colonies. According to the cen sus of 1901 Manitoba had a population of 238, 934, not counting Indians and half-breeds. Those born in Canada numbered 164,582. Of the Canadians 67,566 were born in Ontario, 8,492 in Quebec, 1,536 in Nova Scotia, 820 in New Brunswick,. 419 in Prince Edward Island and 167 in British Columbia. In England there were born 20,036, in Scotland 8,099, in Ireland 4,537, and in Wales 356; in Aus tria-Hungary 11,570, in Russia 8,854, in Ice land 5,403, in Germany 2,285, in Norway, Swe den and Denmark 2,090, in France 1,470, and in the United• States 6,922. The Territories had a population of 185,335, exclusive of Indians and half-breeds. Of the 65,231 born in Canada, Ontario was the birthplace of 28,229, Quebec of. 4,075, Nova Scotia of 1,169, New Brunswick of 669 and Prince Edward Island of 488. Those born in England numbered 10,752, in Scotland 4,226, in Ireland 2,158, and in Wales 186; in Austria-Hungary 13,407, Russia 14,585, Norway, Sweden and Denmark 2,462, Germany 2,170, France 1,023, Iceland 424 and the United States 13,877.
Before touching the movement of the later years into the prairie region a few words may be said of the progress of settlement in British Columbia. In 1901 the population of that province was 149,708, again excluding In dians and half-breeds. The composition of the population of British Columbia differs from that of the districts we have just been considering in several interesting respects. In the first place, it contained in 1901 relatively a larger number born in the United States, namely, 17,164. Then there were 14,576 Chinese and 4,515 Japanese. Ontario contributed 23,642, but Nova Scotia came next among the provinces with 4603. These features are easily explain able. The chief attractions of British Columbia have been its mines, its forests and its fisheries. The first named have in many different years caused rushes from the United States and they have been an added attraction to the people of the province of Nova Scotia. The man from Ontario is a good pioneer under any conditions. And the same causes that drew Chinese to Cali fornia have operated in the case of British Co lumbia. The first gold rush to British Columbia occurred in 1858, nine years after the mem orable rush to California. It is said that between 20,000 and 30,000 prospectors from California invaded the province in that year. Systematic exploration, however, was not attempted and the mining population came and went in waves, the years 1858, 1861, 1864, 1865. 1869 and 1872
marking the influxes. Up to 1893 nearly all the gold produced was placer gold and the values ran from $705,000 in 1858 to $3,913,563 in 1863, continuing at an average of over $3,000,000 until 1868, when with variations a decline set in. The working of lode mines since 1893 has given an element of permanence to the mining population and the annual product of gold has for the past 10 years been between five and six million dol lars in value. The copper, silver, zinc and lead mined exceed gold in their total value, copper in 1917 reaching the value of $17,784,494. Coal, of which British Columbia has enormous de posits, shows d steady increase and the annual product now exceeds 2,000,000 tons. In 1917 2,084,093 tons of a value of $'7,294,325 were mined. The magnificent timber resources of the province have given employment to an in creasing number of men and the yield of the fisheries has grown from $104,697 in 1876 to $14,637,346 in 1917. In 1871, when British Columbia became a province in the Dominion, the was 36,247, of whom 25,661 were i Indians. In 1881 it had increased to 49,548, in 1891 to 98,173, in 1901 to 178,657, in 1911 to 392,480.
The Yukon territory might perhaps be classed with British Columbia. In 1896 the gold discoveries were made there which caused the famous rush in 1897. The census of 1901 gave the Yukon a population of 24,357, exclusive of Indians and half-breeds. Natives of the United States numbered 6,707, of Ontario 1,940, of Quebec 1,349, of Norway and Sweden 1,265, of England 1,153 and of Germany 746; not specified 6,573. ' Pop. (1911) was only 8,512.
The part of Ontario included in the Cana dian West has interests of its own in mines and fertile land, but its progress in settlement has been largely bound up with that of the prairie region to the west. The mines in the Lake of the Woods district caused the establishment of the town of Rat Portage, now Kenora, the continued prosperity of which, however, came to depend to a great extent on the lumber in dustry for the supply of the demand in Mani toba and the territories. Port Arthur and Fort William on Thunder Bay, Lake Superior, are at the head of lake navigation on the Canadian route, and the summer traffic in goods for the West and in grain and flour from the West is there transshipped, the towns possessing im mense storage and shipping grain elevators. These towns are growing rapidly, particularly since 1901, and their growth will keep pace with the development of the West. The completion of the Canadian Northern Railway between Port Arthur and the wheat fields, running through the southern part of the province, has not only assisted Port Arthur but has opened up the valley of the Rainy River and new centres for the lumber industry. In 1911 Rat Portage, now Kenora, had a population of 6,158 people, Fort William 16,499 and Port Arthur 11,220. Since that date the population,. especially of the two last mentioned towns, has greatly increased and new towns have sprung up along the line of the Canadian Northern.