Sources of future dispute have been lessened by a Waterways Treaty of 1909 which provides for the establishment of an international joint commission of the United States and Canada (a miniature Hague tribunal) consisting of six members (three appointed by each government) to exercise jurisdiction in cases involving the use, obstruction or diversion of boundary waters, and with authority to inquire and re port on other matters of difference along the frontier or to decide upon such questions as may be referred to it.
The question of trade relations between Canada and the United States remains unsettled. The efforts of the United States to remove cer tain difficulties, arising from the passage of the Payne-Aldrich tariff bill of 1909 by the Ameri can Congress, resulted in the appointment of a commission and the negotiation of an agree ment (January 1911) to secure restricted reci procity by concurrent legislation at Washington and Ottawa. This agreement, which aimed at fuller and freer trade relations, and which after a sharp political struggle passed both houses of Congress, became the chief issue of a keenly fought campaign in Canada and was lost (September 1911) by the overwhelming de feat of the Liberal Laurier government which had held power for 15 years. The feeling of
mutual respect and cordiality between the two countries has been strengthened by their con viction of common interest and by their prac tical co-operation to preserve the world peace against the attacks of Germany and her allies. See ALABAMA CLAIMS ; ALASKA BOUND ARY COMMISSION; BERING SEA CONTROVERSY; BOUNDARIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Bibliography.—Anderson, David, (Canada, or A View of the Importance of the British American Colonies) (1814) ; Atchison, Na thaniel, (Points to be Discussed in Treaty with the United States) (Pamphleteer 1815) • id., (American Encroachments) (Pamphleteer 1816) ; Callahan, J. M., The Alaska. Purchase and Americo-Canadian Relations) (1908) • id., The Neutrality of the American (1898) ; Dunning, W. A., The British Empire and the United States) (1914) •, Foster, John W., (Diplomatic Memoirs) (Vol. II, 1909) ; Hodgins, Thomas, (British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada) (1900) ; Roberts, C.G.D., of Canada' (1897) • Smith, E., 'England and America after Independence) (1900).