New Brunswick.— As early as 1786 an en dowment of 2,000 acres near Fredericton, the capital, was set aside for the foundation of a provincial Academy of Arts and Sciences, which became incorporated in 1800 as the College of New Brunswick. In 1805 an act was passed ,authorizing an annual grant of f100 in addition, which was subsequently increased from time to time up to $8,844, at which sum it has stood since 1829. In 1828 the provincial charter was surrendered and a royal charter obtained in corporating the institution under the favorite name of King's College, with university powers. In the following year a suitable building was erected and academical work begun. The royal charter contained, however, the same provision for Church of England control which had al ready begun to work so disastrously in Nova Scotia, and almost from the moment of its in ception the sectarian character of the new col lege was strongly opposed by other religious ,denominations. In 1842 the Wesleyan Meth odists succeeded in establishing an institution of their own, Mount Allison Academy, at Sack ville. At first only a secondary school, it re ceived in 1858 university powers, which came into operation four years later. Meanwhile agitation against the existing constitution of the provincial college began to bear fruit. In 1845 religious tests were abolished, and in 1859 re organization on a non-denominational basis was effected and the name changed to Univer sity of New Brunswick. A third university for the province was added in 1864, when the Roman Catholic College of Saint Joseph was founded at Memramcook.
Before the cession of Canada to Great Britain in 1763 the control of all educa tion in the French colony had been in the hands of the Roman Catholic religious orders. Laval, first bishop of Quebec, had established the Grand Seminaire at Quebec in 1663, which is perpetuated as Laval University of the present day. The Grand Seminaire, however, was not a university, but a theological training college for the priesthood. The first suggestion of a university in the province was made in 1789, when a committee of the executive, in report ing on the condition of education in the province of Lower Canada (now Quebec), recommended the establishment of a non-denominational uni versity at Quebec. The opposition of the Ro man Catholic bishop prevented the suggestion from being carried out, and though the hope was long cherished that the project would be renewed under more favorable conditions, no subsequent proposal to that effect was ever formally made. It was left to private enter prise to establish the first university in Lower Canada. In 1813 the Hon. James McGill of Montreal died, leaving by will a piece of land as a site for a university or college and the sum of i10,000 for maintenance. A royal charter was obtained in 1820, but the college, bearing its founder's name, was not opened until 1829, and on the day of its inauguration the Montreal Medical Institute was united to it as its medical faculty. For more than 20 years the college had a precarious existence, its expansion being, to a certain extent, ham pered by the constitution of its governing board, but a new charter was obtained in 1852 entirely freeing it from official control. The history of McGill University (q.v.) since that time is a record of steady improvement. It is not identified with any religious body, but there are four affiliated theological colleges — Con gregational, Diocesan, Presbyterian and Wes leyan. It owes its present position as one of the leading universities, not only of Canada but of the continent of America, to the generosity of the merchant princes of Montreal, and to the wise and able guidance of Sir J. W. Daw son, principal from 1855 to 1893, and of his successor, Sir William Peterson.
The second university to be established in the province in the interests of the English speaking inhabitants was in the Church of England institution at Lennoxville, called Bishop's College. It was incorporated in 1843, but a royal charter conferring university powers was not obtained until 1853. In the previous year, 1852, a royal charter had also issued to the corporation of the Grand Sem inaire of Quebec empowering it to confer degrees and exercise other university functions, under the name of Universite Laval. The uni versity thus established remains the sole Roman Catholic university of the province, with facul ties of divinity, law, medicine and arts, having affiliated colleges and seminaries in various. towns, and an integral branch of itself at Mon treal under the name of uSuccursale de l'Uni versite Laval?' Saint Mary's College at Mon treal, under control of the Jesuit order, incorporated in 1852, has since 1889 been en-, titled by papal brief to confer degrees of Laval University. There are numerous Roman Cath olic colleges affiliated to Laval University, some of them of considerable antiquity. The oldest are Saint Raphael's College at Montreal, estab lished by the Sulpicians in 1773; those at Nico let, founded in 1804; Sainte Hyacinth; in 1812; Sainte Therese in 1824; Sainte Anne de la Pocatiere, in 1827; and L'Assumption, in 1832. The higher education given at these colleges is chiefly theological. DAMES LOUDON.
Ontario.— The history of higher education in Ontario shows a somewhat different develop ment from that in the older provinces. In 1798 the legislature set aside an endowment of 500,000 acres of Crown lands for the purposes of higher edutation, but nothing further was done at that time to carry the project into effect. In 1827, however, a royal charter was granted for the establishment of a university under the name of King's College. By the terms of the charter, the institution was to be under the control of the Church of England. It was natural that the other religious bodies should enter a vigorous protest against these terms, and when this proved unavailing, should take steps to establish independent colleges. Consequently in 1830 the Methodist Church of Canada resolved to found an institution of higher learning in Upper Canada. That this resolve was not due to narrow sectarian preju dices is vouched for by the fact that religious tests were not to be required for admission, and, further, that a distinct stipulation was made with the early subscribers that ((this shall be purely a literary institution* and that "no system of divinity shall be taught therein.* In 1836 the college was established in Cobourg, under the name of Upper Canada Academy. It was incorporated by letters patent on 12 Oct. 1836—the first royal charter granted to any Nonconformist institution of learning in the British dominions. In 1841 the first Par liament of Canada extended the charter and changed the name to Victoria College, with power to grant degrees in the various faculties. Work in the faculty of arts was begun in the same year. This was therefore the first uni versity in actual operation in the province. The Presbyterian Church, which some years pre viously had petitioned the provincial govern ment to endow without delay, an institution or professorships for the education and training of young men for the ministry in connection with the Synod* had received but little en couragement, and so steps were taken to found a college somewhat after the model of the Scottish national universities. A royal charter was granted on 16 Oct. 1841 for the establish ment of Queen's College at Kingston, and the first classes were opened there in March of the following year.