Quebec,— The primary school system is denominational and separate: it is based on religion, and Catholics and Protestants have each a complete and independent organization, receiving equal proportional assistance from government. State control is exercised through the Council of Public Instruction as reorgan ized in 1876. It is divided into two committees, Catholic and Protestant. Everything relating specially to Catholic schools. is within the ex clusive jurisdiction of the Catholic committee. The committees meet together to consider mat ters of common interest. The Catholic com mittee consists of the superintendent of public instruction, the bishops of Quebec, an equal number of laymen appointed by the lieutenant governor, and, since 1906, four associate mem bers chosen from the primary school teachers. Primary schools include elementary schools, giving a four years' courses intermediate or model, two years; and superior, or academies, two years. They are °under control* or "inde pendent and subsidized" according as they are administered by elected school boards or by other bodies. The province is divided into school municipalities, each electing its school commissioners. The revenues consist of (a) rates levied on property of Catholics; (b) fees; (c) provincial grants; (d) private funds of independent schools. Lay teachers must hold diplomas granted by the central board of ex aminers. The moral and religious supervision of Catholic schools is exercised by the parish priests. Secular studies are prescribed by the Catholic committee. Under it are a Catholic inspector general and divisional inspectors. Al though education is neither free nor compul sory, the school attendance is good. In 1912-13, with a Catholic population of 411,701, of the ages 5 to 16 years, there was an enrolment in primary schools of 362,934 (including 4.520 over 16 years) and an average attendance of 287,403.
Secondary education is not under state con trol, but the province maintains a number of special schools. Among such. Catholic institu tions are normal schools — nine for women have been opened since 1905,— agricultural schools at Oka and Ste Anne de la Pocatiere, a school for higher commercial studies at Mon treal, schools for deaf-mutes and the blind, domestic science schools, night schools and schools of arts and manufactures. Catholic secondary education is offered by classical and commercial colleges conducted by ecclesiastics, 19 of which receive an annual subsidy of $1,000 each, and by convent academies for young ladies. The only university is Laval, which was canonically erected in 1876. It has faculties of theology, law, medicine and arts and affiliated professional and technical schools. A complete branch of the university was established in Montreal in 1879. Each branch receives a grant of $25,000, and the affiliated Polytechnic School $30,000. The Seminary of Quebec and the Grand Seminary of Saint Sulpice at Montreal constitute the theological faculty, and there are affiliated seminaries. The Sulpician Fathers, besides a college, a philosophical and a theologi cal seminary in Montreal, have since IN: main tained the Canadian College in Rome for ad vanced ecclesiastical studies. In 1915 there were 5,231 elementary schools, controlled 5,151, independent 80; with an enrolment of 211672, and an average attendance of 166,125. There
were 5,576 lay and 949 religious teachers. The model schools numbered 673; controlled 552, independent 121, with an enrolment of 105,831, an average attendance of 89,013; and 3,206 teachers, lay 922, religious 2,284. The academies were 283 in number, of which 128 were con trolled and 155 independent. The student en rolment was 75,482, with an average attendance of 65,846; and 286 lay and 2,793 religious teach ers. There are 13 normal schools, 2 for men and 11 for women; with 1,134 pupils and 173 teachers. There are three schools for the deaf, dumb and blind, with 515 pupils and 115 teachers. Schools of arts and trades number 11; with 2,515 pupils and 45 teachers. There are 48 night schools, with 3,640 pupils and 107 teachers. Universities and classical colleges comprise *Laval University, Quebec, 87 teach ers, 474 pupils; * Laval University, Montreal, 234 teachers and 1,786 pupils; 21 colleges with 737 teachers and 7,788 pupils.
Nova Elementary schools are sup ported and controlled by the state, and no separate schools are recognized by law. Never theless in practice many of the public schools, especially in the cities and in Acadian districts, are really Catholic. The law permits the school boards to direct religious exercises to be held for a brief period within .school hours, or, if objection is made, after school hours. By a good understanding among all classes, over 30 urban schools, accommodating about 10,000 pupils, are recognized practically as being Cath olic, and are so conducted. Many of them are in charge of religious teachers. There are two academies for boys and 12 for young ladies. That attached to Saint Francis Xavier Univer sity is the county academy of Antigonish, and receives state support. Saint Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, though a small institu tion, maintains high educational standards. It has faculties of arts, law and applied science. Saint Anne's College, Church Point, is the chief centre of higher education for the French popu lation. A theological seminary is maintained at Halifax. The four Catholic institutions of uni versity rank in Nova Scotia have 54 professors and 500 students and the principal secondary schools, including Antigonish Academy, Mount Saint Vincent College and Sacred Heart Col lege, Halifax; Our Lady of Lourdes School, Pictou, and Saint John Baptist Academy, New Glasgow, have 68 teachers and 1,105 students.
New Brunswick.—In 1871 the legislature, which had hitherto granted some assistance to Catholic education, established a non-sectarian system of public schools. .The Catholic authori ties unsuccessfully sought redress from the Do minion under the terms of the British North America Act. In 1875 a compromise was effected: urban school boards were permitted to lease Catholic school buildings, open public schools therein, and employ qualified religious teachers and others having the confidence of the Catholic clergy. Much the same work ing arrangement prevails in the towns and cities of New Brunswick as in Nova Scotia. There are 14 convent academies for young ladies, sev eral preparatory boys' schools, and three classi cal colleges — Saint Joseph's, Memramcook (1864), which has the status of a university and forms an educational centre for the Acadian people; Sacred Heart College, Caraquet (1899), and Saint Thomas, Chatham (1910).