Other notable historical works in French, are the 'fours d'Histoire du Canada) of the Abbe J. B. A. Ferland (1805-65) ; 'Dix ans d'Histoire du Canada, 1840-50,' by Antoine Gerin-Lajoie (1824-82) ; 'Canada sous ?Union,' by Louis Philippe Turcotte (1842-78) ; 'L'His toire de Cinquante Ans' of T. P. Bedard (1844 1900) ; and the 'Histoire des Canadiens Fran cais,' by Benjamin Suite. The Abbe H. R. Casgrain (1831-1904) was the author of sev eral historical works, dealing with special phases of Canadian history, and marked by charms of style that make them delightful reading.
With a few exceptions, biography in Can ada has been confined to the lives of men closely identified with the political history of the country. An important series of biograph ies, published in 1906, is 'The Makers of Can ada,' in 20 volumes, each by a well-known Ca nadian writer. While inevitably unequal in style and treatment, they are all readable and trustworthy. Adam Shortt's 'Lord Syden ham,' D. C. Scott's 'John Graves
Jean N. Mcllwraith's 'Sir Frederick Haldi mand,) W. D. LeSueur's (Frontenac,) George R. Parkin's 'Sir John Macdonald) and John Lewis' 'George Brown,' are particularly worth mentioning. Of earlier works of biography, two of the most valuable are Sir Joseph Pope's 'Memoirs of Sir John Alexander Macdonald,' and Sir J. S. Willison's 'Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.) Another admirable piece of biography is Charles Lindsey's (Life and Times of William Lyon Mackenzie.) Sev eral attempts have been made to write the life of the brilliant Nova Scotian statesman, Joseph Howe, but none are altogether satisfactory. The best, at any rate from a literary point of view, is the sketch by the late Principal Grant, pub lished in 1904. One of the best of more re cent Canadian biographies is George M. Wrong's 'Life of Lord Elgin.) Biography in French Canada has generally been in the form of brief sketches, or collec tions such as Abbe Casgrain's 'Biographies Canadiennes,' Bibaud's
Some of the most important books of travel are associated with the early history of Can ada, or of what is now Canada. Excluding the entertaining narratives of those who were merely visitors, there remain such remarkable works as Alexander Mackenzie's 'Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of North America) (1801); Bouchette's British Dominions in North America) (1832) ; Fran chere's 'Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America) (1854) ; Harmon's 'Voyages and Travels in the Interior of North America) (1820) ; Paul Kane's 'Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America) (1859); Grants 'Ocean to Ocean)(1873); Mrs. Moo
die's 'Roughing it in the Bush) (1852) ; and among more recent works, J. W. Tyrrell's 'Across the Sub-Arctics of Cole man's 'The Canadian Rockies) ; S. E. Daw son's 'The Saint Lawrence Basin and Its Bor der-Lands) ; and L. J. Burpee's 'Search for the Western French-Canadian books of travel are rep resented by such readable works as the Abbe Casgrain's pelerinage au pays d'Evangel ine) (1887) ; Sir Adolphe Routhier's 'En Canot) (1881) and Quebec a Victoria' (1893) ; Faucher de St. Maurice's 'De Quebec a Mexico' (1866) ; and Arthur Buies' de Voyages' (1890) and Portique des Laurentides' (1891).
English-Canadian verse seems to have had its beginning in Nova Scotia, where in 1825 Oliver Goldsmith, a distant relative of his more famous namesake, published 'The Rising Village.) The poem, in manner an imitation of 'The Deserted Village,' records not un successfully or without a certain effectiveness the rude pioneer life of the author's native province. With Charles Sangster (1822-93) came something more of skill in the art of po etry. His Lawrence and (1856) and 'Hesperus' (1860), contain patri otic and other verse of some merit, simple, un pretentious, not very rich in ideas, but eminently sincere. A poet of an entirly different type, and of much greater power, was Charles Heavysege (1816-76). Heavysege published several volumes of verse, including a number of remarkable sonnets, but the work by which he is remembered is his dramatic poem 'Saul,' first published in 1857. This is an elaborate piece of work, divided into three parts, each of five acts, and altogether about 10,000 lines. Heavysege was not an educated man, in the ordinary acceptance of the term, but his mind was saturated with the Bible and Shakespeare, and there are passages in 'Saul' not unworthy of either the sacred book or the great Eliza bethan. Saul's vision, on the eve of his death, forms one of the most dramatic passages in English literature. Longfellow described Heavy sege as the greatest dramatist since Shakes peare, and Coventry Patmore, perhaps a more discriminating critic, praised scarcely less unreservedly. Isabella Valancy Crawford (1851-87) published one slim volume of verse lifetime which, though it won her no recognition, contains verse of quite exceptional quality, sincere, musical, instinct with the poetry of common things. George Frederick Cameron (1854-85) was the author of a number of poems, which were collected and published after his death. He was a passionate opponent of tyranny and oppression, and one finds in many of his verses the lyrical expression of his sympathy with lost causes.