The general results of the census are exhib ited in Table III, which has been constructed so as to afford comparisons with 1901, the pre ceding census year, and thus to reveal recent tendencies as well as present facts. Of the total Canadian population (7,206,643), it will be seen those of British race make up well over one half, whilst the other pioneer race, the French, contribute considerably more than half the re mainder. Together, the British and French races represent 82.6 per cent of the population. Those of German extraction follow with 5.5 per cent. Of the 20 other racial strains that are enumerated, only four — the Austrian, the Scandinavian, the Indian and the Jewish— amount to more than I per cent, none of them exceeding 2 per cent.
which has for many years been characteristic in the province of Quebec. (The number of Canadian residents born in France was only 7,944 in 1901, and rose to only 17,619 in 1911). The German proportion has similarly fallen slightly, though a substantial flow of immi grants periisted up to the outbreak of the war. For the very marked percentage in creases which are shown in the Austro-Hun garian, Scandinavian and Italian elements we have undoubtedly to thank the great railway and town-building era of 1900-13, which, financed by British capital, drew so heavily upon these reservoirs of labor. It need occa sion no surprise to see a recession in these elements by the time of the next census, for the enumeration of 1911 came when the ex pansion was at its height and the numbers of these more or less temporary residents were The columns which analyze the trend be tween 1901 and 1910 are also interesting, es pecially when read in conjunction with the im migration statistics of Table I. The largest absolute gain during recent years has been in the persons of British origin; it has not suf ficed, however, to prevent a falling off in the proportion of British to the whole, which dropped from 57 per cent to 54 per cent in the decade, notwithstanding the heavy immigration from the British Isles shown in Table I. The French stock has similarly declined from 30 to 28 per cent of the whole, but its net non of 405,519 (less than half that of the Brit ish), has been without any such adventitious help as the latter received, being accounted for almost wholly by the large natural increase at their maximum. Many, of course, came as agriculturists, and these will count as perma nent. The Greek and Balkan races made prac tically their first appearance in Canada since 1900.
It is interesting to note that among British stocks, the English alone have increased their proportion, advancing from 23.4 to 25.3 per cent of the whole, and gaining 44.5 per cent in actual numbers. The Scotch have gained 24.7 per cent, but this has not prevented them from shrinking from a proportion of 14.9 per cent in 1901 to one of 13.8 per cent in 1911. The Irish on the other hand have risen only 62 per cent in numbers and have rather markedly declined in proportional standing, namely, from 1&4 per cent to 14.5 per cent. The Eng lisp in Canada numbered 1,823,150, the Irish 1,050,384 and the Scotch 997,800, in 1911. The French totaled 2,054,890.
Distribution of Races by Provinces.— To describe the distribution of the different races by provinces would be to write the history of the settlement of Canada. Table IV will show the general situation as it exists to-day. The earliest movement to dispossess the native In dian was, of course, that of the French into Acadia and Quebec. It ceased at the Conquest, 1759, when the population of Canada was esti mated at 82,000, but the remarkable natural fertility already remarked upon has left the French not only paramount in Quebec, but con stituting the second element, and that a con siderable one, in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, the third in Ontario and the fourth in Manitoba. The first marked infusion of British stock, on the other hand, was that of the Loyalists from the thirteen Dominion also witnessed three special immigra tions — the precursors of several of like nature — into the West. These early movements con sisted of Mennonites, Icelanders and Russian Jews, the victims, for the most part, of eco nomic or political disadvantage, from which they sought a refuge, and with success, in the New World. A better remembered episode of the kind is the migration of the religious body known as Doukhobors, who came to Canada in the closing years of the 19th century to escape the long and relentless persecution with which they had been followed in Russia. The table will show how all these newer elements have been distributed, and what the racial problem connotes for each of the provinces. How that problem is capable of taking on new and unex pected forms has been demonstrated since the outbreak of the great war, when extensive internments of alien enemies, as well as modi fications of the Franchise Act, have been made colonies, 40,000 of whom crossed into Canada during the years immediately following the Treaty of Versailles, 1783. About one-half of these were divided between New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and the rest between Quebec and Ontario, where, and especially in Ontario, they became the nucleus of a fast-growing popula tion recruited from the British Isles. In On tario alone by 1841, the population had risen to 455,688, and to-day, as the accompanying state ment shows, the British is the predominant race in all but one of the provinces. The pre dominance, naturally enough, in view of is less marked in the West, but even Saskatchewan, which may be said to have been created as a community by the immigration of the past quarter of a century, has more than half of its people of British extraction, whilst the next prevailing strain numbers but 14 per cent. The German movement to Canada began to be noticeable about the time of Confedera tion (1867). The first 10 years of the new in the national interest. It was already appre ciated in the increasing stringency which may be seen in the regulations regarding immigrants during the past few years. On the whole, in the absorption of these diverse and polyglot additions to her population, Canada has pro ceeded rapidly and with success, and if the result still leaves some unevenness, it will com pare not unfavorably with the same in other new countries.