BUTLER, Nicholas Murray, American educator: b. Elizabeth, N. J., 2 April 1862. In 1882 he was graduated at Columbia University with the highest honors. In 1882-84 he served as fellow in philosophy and studied in Berlin and Paris for one year. In 1885 he became assistant professor of philosophy and in due time held the chair of philosophy, psychology and ethics. In 1890 on the reorganization of the university he became dean of the faculty of philosophy. He founded the New York Col lege for Training Teachers, in 1887, which later became Teachers' College, and is now known as Hunter College, under Columbia University. In 1901 Dr. Butler succeeded Seth Low as president of Columbia. His administra tion has been most successful in extending the influence of the university in the educational field and in its relation to the life of the coun try at large. Dr. Butler has taken a deep in terest in politics and in 1912 was the Republi can party's candidate for Vice-President of the United States on the ticket with William H.
Taft. He has done much for the cause of education, founding the Educational Review in 1891 and editing it for the intervening interval as well as The Great Educator Series,) (The Teachers' Professional Library) and University Contributions to Education and Philosophy.) Dr. Butler has been decorated by several foreign rulers and is the recipient of honorary degrees from a very great number of prominent universities at home and abroad. He has published 'The Meaning of Education) (1898, rev. enlarged ed., 1900); 'True and False Democracy' (1907) ; (1908, 3d ed., 1911) ;'The American as He Is' (1908) ; 'The International Mind' (1912) ; Should We Change our Form of Government) (1912) ; 'Progress in Politics' (1913) ; 'Mono graphs on Education in the United States,' ex hibit at the Paris Exposition (1900) ; 'A World in (1917).