The Mount Shasta hatchery produces more salmon and trout fry than any hatchery in the world. Besides these State hatcheries, there are four hatcheries and egg-collection stations under Federal control.
The value of marine fish, fresh, in 1917 was $11,795,000; packed, $15,235,000; a total value of P' 7,030,000.
Railroads and Street Railways.— In 1870 the State had 525 miles of railways, 7,529 in 1910 and 12,145 in 1916. This mileage pertains chiefly to the great transcontinental lines of the Central and Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, with much more than half the total. There are three other railroads of over 500 miles each, five more of over 100 miles and 39 shorter lines. Several other trans continental lines have terminals in Los Angeles over leased trackage; and the ((Salt Lake* (San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake) running over its own rails 586 miles, except about 60 miles, leased. In 1870 there was no urban rail transit whatever. In 1873 Hallidie in San Francisco invented the first successful urban rapid transit in the world; and the re sultant cable system is still probably without parallel, as is also the urban and interurban electric system centred in Los Angeles. In 1916 there were 3,032 miles of electric railways in the State, more than half in four counties of southern California. These interurban electrics run 50 to 70 miles an hour, on 110-pound rails. The principal lines are Pacific-Electric (Los Angeles), with trackage of 1,059 miles; Los Angeles Railway, 392. United Railroads, San Francisco, 286; San 1'rancisco-Oakland termi nals, 263; Northern Electric Railway, 165; 30 other roads, 865.
State Finances.— State bonded indebted ness, $39,073,500; bonds voted but not sold, $23,875,000. Except for the Panama-Pacific Ex position, the State has levied no ad valorem taxes on real or personal property since 1910. Its principal revenue is from taxes levied against gross receipts or value of franchises of corporations. For the fiscal year 1917-18 these amount to $16,344,275.
Total assessed valuation of State (1917) : realty, $1,860,963,460; personal, $1,861,642,947; total, $3,722,606,407.
Banks.— The great immigration of (well to-do* people has proportionately increased the banking business. In 1917 there were 264 national banks as against 147 in 1909 and 421 State banks as against 239 in 1909. The clear ings in 1916 aggregated $5,531,109,926 and $7, 295,714,819 in 1917. On 30 June 1916 the total bank deposits were $997,635,191.66, of which $468,716,944.43 was in commercial and $528, 918,247.23 in savings banks.
Education.— California probably still leads the Union in proportionate enrolment of college students, having 1 to every 419 of total popula tion, and surpasses New England in pro rata of pupils in secondary schools. The following
table shows the present status and the recent progress in education in California: 1910 1917 Number of normal schools 3 Number of high schools 183 Number of elementary and kin dergarten 2,119 5,009 Teachers in public schools 10,769 19,074 Pupils in public schools 349,145 569,284 Value of school property f38.661,701 392,800,821 Annual expenditure for schools 6,000,000 34,133,122 Number of oollegee 13 Number of students enrolled in colleges 15,136 sum= ma==== California has two great free universities. The State at Berkeley ranks high among American universities in number of undergraduates, and in total number of students is exceeded only by the University of Chicago, New York University and Harvard. It is about 14th in size among the universities of the world. Resources, $7,260,000; supported by State tax of two cents on every $100 valua tion. Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst, widow of United States Senator Hearst, has contributed great sums to the university, and has secured in a competition open to all the world (won by M. Benard of Paris), a complete architectural plan whose buildings will cost at least $10,000,000. Leland Stanford Jr. University was founded in 1891 by Governor and United States Senator Leland Stanford and wife. The widow later turned over to the university the complete en dowment they designed, amounting to nearly $30,000,000. A harmonious architectural plan, of symmetry and beauty unrivaled at present by any university in the world, has already been carried far enough' to accommodate the 1,200 students (of whom one-third are women) and has cost several millions. University affairs in California are in the hands of noted educators from the East; standards are high, and friendly rivalry has done much to promote educational affairs throughout the State; while the two uni versities have together over six times the en rolment that the one had a generation ago. The accrediting system has been developed to high efficiency. Coeducation in both univer sities is not an experiment, but acknowledged success. There is a large number of colleges, private schools, seminaries, academies and other educational institutions, besides those under State supervision; also medical law, art, music, dentistry, business and other schools. Educa tionally, California ranks very high in the Union. A large number of distinguished teachers have been attracted by climatic and other considerations. It pays its teachers in public schools an average salary of $943.