CARNOCHAN, John Murray, American surgeon, famous for his bold and skilful operations: b.• Savannah, Ga., 4 July 1817; d. New York, 28 Oct. 1887. He studied at Edinburgh and at various European uni versities; and began his practice in New York in 1847. In 1851 he became professor of sur gery at the New York Medical College, and surgeon-in-chief to the State Immigrant Hos pital. At one time he cured neuralgia by excis ing the whole trunk of the second branch of the fifth pair of nerves. In 1852 he tied the femoral artery to cure exaggerated nutrition. He also tied the primitive carotid artery on both sides, to cure elephantiasis of the neck. In 1853 he exsected the entire radius, in 1854 the entire ulna. He published a treatise on 'Con genital Dislocations' (1850) ; a translation of Rokitausky's 'Pathological Anatomy,' and 'Contributions to Operative Surgery' (1858 and 1877-86), besides numerous monographs of value on subjects connected with his profes sion.
CARNOT, Lazare Hippolyte, French statesman and journalist, second son of the following: b. Saint Omer, 6 April 1801; d. 16 March 1888. He studied for the law but was debarred from practice for refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the Bourbons. He was of liberal opinions, became a disciple of Saint Simon, and wrote the 'Exposition gen erale de la doctrine Saint Simonienne,' the authorship of which was, with his consent, as cribed to Bazard. He became editor of Le Producteur, a radical journal of the day. But as soon as Saint Simonism assumed the form of a religious creed, Carnot parted with his friends, and became a journalist, and the chief editor of the Revue enryclopedigue. He was
also entrusted with the publication of Gregoire's and Barires (Memoires.' He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1839, and re-elected in 1842 and 1846. After the revolution of February 1848, he was Minister of Public In struction until 5 July, and improved, as such, the condition of the teachers, rendered the nor mal schools free and established free lectures. In 1848 he was elected to the Constituent, and 10 March 1850, to the Legislative, Assembly. After the coup d'etat of December 1851, he left France; during his absence, he was elected a member of the corps ligislatif, but refused to take the oath. He was re-elected in 1857, but again refused to serve. He did not take his seat until 1864, and was made a life senator in 1875. He spoke for the last time in 1888, a few weeks after his son Sadi had been elected President of the Republic, and was the author of (Memoires sur Carnot par son MO vols., 1861-64) ; 'La Revolution francaise' (2 vols. 1867) ; 'Laiare Hoche' (1874) ; and with M. d'Angers, (Mernoires de Bertrand Barer& (4 vols., 1842-43). For his biography, consult the Proceedings of the Academie des Sciences, Morales et Politiques (Paris, January 1894) ; also Hubbard, 'Une famille republicainc: les Carnots) (Paris 1888).