CAROLUS, a gold coin struck in the rein of Charles I, and originally 20 shillings in value, afterward 23 shillings. The name was given also to various other coins.
Auguste Emile, French portrait painter: b. Lille, 4 July 1838; d. Paris, 18 Feb. 1917. His name was originally Charles Emile Auguste Durand. He studied under Souchon at the Lille Academy of Art, and afterward in Paris, where he copied the old masters in the Louvre, especially Velasquez and Leonardo. In 1861 he obtained the Wicar prize for painting and went to Italy and Spain,. continuing his study of Velasquez, who remained his chief modeL During his stay in Rome he completed his first important work, 'The Evening Prayer.' His first painting to receive a medal was a historical subject, in 1866. It was presented to the Lille Museum by the French government. After 1866 Mr. Carolus Duran turned his attention to portraiture, and in 1869 exhibited 'The Lady with the Glove,' a full length portrait of his wife in outdoor costume. The portrait was placed in the Lux embourg. Mr. Carolus-Duran made a spe cialty of painting portraits of women and children. . He had painted portraits of the Duchess of Marlborough, the Marchioness d'Adda, the Princess de Wagram, Mrs. Astor, the Countess of Warwick, the Comtesse Cas tellane, Queen Maria Pia of Portugal and the Princess Obolinsky. His first exhibit in Amer ica was at Philadelphia during the Centennial Exposition of 1876. He exhibited a portrait of Mlle. Sophie Croizette, a well-known actress, who' was his sister-in-law. He made several trips to this country. On one occasion he gave
a lecture at the Chase School of Art and illus trated it by painting a portrait. In 1889 he was made commander of the Legion of Honor and was made a director of the French Academy at Rome in 1905. He also was made president of the Societe Nationale des Beaux-Arts and was a member of the Institute. He painted a series of historical and genre subjects, among them being 'The Bathers> ; 'Gloria Manse Medici,' a decorative composition for a ceiling in the Louvre; 'The Burial of Christ'; 'Dawn) and 'The Vision.) His portraits of men included those of Pope Pius X, Emile de Girardin, Gounod, Gustave Dore and Alphonse Carr. hi his younger days Mr. Carolus-Duran gave fencing exhibitions and was known as one of the best swordsmen in France. He alio showed skill as a sculptor. He married Mlle. Pauline Marie Croizette, herself , an artist. Mine. received a medal at the Salon of 1875. The couple had a son who joined the French army.
Mr. Carolus-Duran was commander of the Order of Leopold, grand officer of the Order of Saint Maurice et Lazare, commander of the Order of Charles III of Spain, commander of the Order of Christ de Portugal and grand officer of the Legion of Honor. He received the Grand Croix of the Order d'Isabelle la Catholique of Spain and the Medallic de Sauvetage. Consult Muther, (History of Mod ern Painting) (New York 1907) and the bi ography by Alexandre (Paris 1902).