CHURCHES Members Methodist 92,065 Presbyterian 50,704 Baptist 41,503 Congregational 32,640 Christian 32,522 Bpiscopalian 28,584 All other 19 Protestant denominations 50,613 Total Protestant 328.631 Catholic 523,233 Charities and Penal Institutions.— Cali fornia has two State prisons, three industrial re form schools, five asylums for insane, one for deaf, dumb and blind, and a great number of public and private hospitals, asylums, orphan ages, etc. There are 64 orphan homes, of which 38 receive State aid. There is also a Federal prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay.
Military and Naval Establishments.— There are garrisons and fortifications at the harbors of San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego — respectively "The Presidia° Fort MacArthur and Fort Rosecrans. There is also a navy yard at Mare Island, and an arsenal at Benicia. The largest training camp in Cali fornia in the Great European War was Fort Kearney, located near San Diego. Under con tract with the government there is being built in 1918 a large number of wooden and steel and concrete ships, of 3,000 tons and upward, for commerce during and after the war. This ship-building is almost exclusively in Los An geles Harbor, Long Beach and San Francisco.
State State officers elected for four years, except assemblymen for two; no bar to re-election; governor's salary, $6,000; two-thirds vote in each house passes bill over governor's veto. If he does not act on any bill within 10 days, it becomes law, unless adjourn ment of legislature prevents return of bill, in which case it becomes operative if within 10 days after such adjournment the governor ap proves it. Legislature limited to 40 members in senate, 80 in house; meets biennially, in Janu ary of odd-numbered years. Sessions not limited, but pay allowed members for only 60 days — $8 per day, with traveling expenses and mileage 10 cents per mile. No bill can be in troduced after 50th day of session. State consti tution is notable for numerous restrictions on legislative action; provision for three-fourths' majority verdict of juries in civil cases; and prohibition of Chinese suffrage and of employ ment of Chinese on State works, or by corpora tions. The initiative, referendum and recall are also in full use. California was sixth State to adopt °Woman's Suffrage.' There are 40 State commissions, expending annually nearly $5,000,000. California is represented. in the National Congress by two senators, nine con gressmen (prior to apportionment of 1901, seven congressmen). Electoral vote, nine.
Population.— The settlement of California, steadily progressive for 65 years, has been marked by two of the most remarkable shift ings of population anywhere recorded. Every thing considered, the °Gold Rush' of 1848-49 has no parallel. In first 12 months after the discovery of a small flake of gold at Sutter's Mill, 42,000 Americans from the far Eastern States made their way across the unbroken plains with wagons. This great migration con tinued uninterruptedly for years. Its demands brought about the first large development of steam navigation; and the finest clipper ships that had ever been built were constructed for the California trade. In 1845 the white popu lation of California was about 5,000; 4,000 of whom were Spanish Californians 360 °Ameri cans,' 300 English, Scotch and Trish, and the remainder By 1850 this number had increased to 92,597; by 1860 to 379,994. That is, in 12 years over 370,000 persons reached California by an overland journey of 2,000 miles; or by a voyage of 19,000 miles around the Horn in sailing ships; or by the 5,000 mile voy age by way of Panama, with its difficult pas sage of the isthmus. For the first decade this precipitate migration was overwhelmingly of men; and this preponderance of males, with dearth of families and of women, colored in almost every social, political and economic as pect the early fortunes of the State. The scar city of home life, and profligate abundance of money, brought about an era of luxury in pri vate and public expenditures on such a scale as was then hardly dreamed of in the Eastern States. San Francisco had less than 150,000 peo ple when it began to build the largest hotel in the world — covering two and a half acres and costing $7,000,000. Everything was in this pro portion. Enormous subscriptions were sent to relieve great catastrophes of fire, pestilence or war, in all parts of the world. Huge gifts were made to education and other public utilities, on a scale never yet surpassed and at that time else where unheard of. For a generation San Fran cisco was a proverb the world over of princely living and princely giving. This large popula tion of young men, vigorous, adventurous, mostly unattached, far from home and the con ventions, and under excitation of sudden wealth, shaped and established such an epoch, social and financial, as no other American State has ever comparably known.