Meanwhile hospital religious and Ursulines arrived at Quebec (1639), the first to direct a Hotel-Dieu endowed by the Duchess of Aiguil Ion, niece of Richelieu; the second at the head of whom was Marie de l'Incarnation, to pro vide for the education of the girls. These heroic women were rivals in zeal for the con version of the savages. Consult Abbe Casgrain, 'Histoire de l'Hotel-Dieu de Quebec' (Quebec 1878) ; id., 'Histoire de la Venerable Marie de l'Incarnation) (Quebec 1880) •, de Mire Marie de l'Incarnation' (Paris 1681).
About this time the Company of Montreal was formed. Its originators were two men of God, M. Olier, founder of the Seminary of Saint Sulpice, and M. de la Dauversiere, a pious laic. Its sole aim was the eglory of God and the establishment of religion in New France without charge to the clergy or to the Encouraged by Urban VIII, it found in Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve a faithful executor of its intentions. This illustrious man landed on the island of Montreal which the Society had acquired, 18 May 1642, and laid the founda tions of Villemairie, now Montreal. With him came Mlle. Mance, foundress of the Hotel-Dieu, and they were soon joined by Marguerite Bour geoys, an energetic and saintly woman, who organized the religious of the Congregation of Our Lady (1653) for the education of Canadian girls. In 1657, Mr. Olier, when dying, sent to the colony the first four Sulpicians: de Queylus, Souart, Gallinier and d'Allet. Consult Dollier de Casson, S. S., 'Histoire du Montreal,' pub lished by the Historical Society of Montreal (1869) ; Faillon, S. S. 'Histoire de la colonic francaise en Canada' (Montreal 1865); id., (Vie de la Venerable Mire Bourgeoys' ; (Vie de Mlle. Mance' (Paris 1854) ; id., (Vie de M. Olier, founder of the Seminary of Saint Sul plc& (3 vols., Paris 1873) ; P. Rousseau, S. S, 'Vie de Paul. Chomedey de Maisonneuve (Montreal 1886).
The hour of martyrdom sounded for the Jesuits. After escaping twice from the ferocious Mohawks, Father Jogues died beneath their blows (1646). Two years later (1648), the flourishing mission among the Hurons was completely destroyed by the Iroquois, and five Jesuits, Fathers de Brebeuf, Daniel, Lalemant, Gamier and Chabanel, . were overwhelmed in the massacre of their neophytes. Father Buteux also fell a victim to what going to the Attilcamiques (1652), and Father Bressani escaped with difficulty from these barbarians. Consult Charlevoix, 'Histoire et Description generale de la Nouvelle France> (Paris 1744); (Relation des jesuites) (Quebec 1858) ; these two works with the 'Relations in edites de la Nouvelle France> (1672-1779), and other documents have been collected and pub lished with an English translation in the edi tion of Reuben Thwaites, Cleveland, 1897, un der the title: (Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit missionaries in New France) (1610 1791) ; Parkman, (The French pioneers in North America.) These attacks of the Iroquois became the terror of the colony. Montreal owed its salvation only to the bravery of Maisonneuve and to the heroic devotion of young Dollard, who at the head of 16 companions for several days faced over 700 Iroquois, and resisted them to the death.
The year 1659 marks the commencement of the ecclesiastical hierarchy in Canada. Mon signor Francois de Montmorency-Laval was named bishop of Petrea and apostolic vicar of New France by Alexander VII. The prelate
had numerous difficulties with the governors d'Avangour and de Mesy (1663-65) over the traffic in brandy which was causing ruin among the Indians. He opened a small seminary for the training of future clerks, and 10 years later (1678) laid the foundations of a large seminary for preparation for the priesthood. In 1674 Quebec was created a bishopric by Clement X; the jurisdiction of the new see extended over all North America until 1789, the year in which the bishopric of Baltimore was created. To Monsignor Laval are also due the creation of charges with resident priests, the incorporation of the Seminary of Quebec and its union with the Seminary of Foreign Missions at Paris, the creation of a chapter of canons; in one word a good diocesan organization. He came in con flict with Governor Frontenac and Intendant Talon to maintain the rights of the Church and to extirpate the abuse of the liquor traffic.
Under his episcopacy the missionaries con tinued their work. The Sulpicians saw two of their number fall beneath the blows of the Iroquois at Villemarie (1663). Shortly after Messieurs Trouve and de Salignac-Fenelon, brother of the illustrious archbishop of Cam brai, founded the mission of Kente (1668), at the point on Lake Ontario where debouches the Saint Lawrence. During 14 years it was a centre whence the true faith radiated through out all the surrounding region as far as Niagara. The following year (1669) Messieurs Dopier de Casson and IBrehan de Gallinee, Sulpicians, left Villemarie in the company of Cavalier de La Salle with the resolution of advancing west to the Mississippi. Abandoned by the dis coverer they traversed alone the region of the Great Lakes, and returned to Montreal after one year of exploration and research; there M. de Gallinee prepared • a relation and made a map of the expedition. We should mention also the Sq1pician missions of la Montague, Gentilly, l'Ile-aux-Tourtes and Lac-des-Deux Montagnes, all in the environs of Montreal. The Jesuits on their side prosecuted arduously their missions. Father Menard evangelized the Outaouais, Father Allouez penetrated as far as Lake Superior (4665) and Fathers d'Ablon and Marquette planted the dross at Sault Sainte Marie. Other Jesuits joining the explorers Saint-Lesson and de La Salle, tot* possession of the banks of Lake Huron; and two years after (1670) Father Albanel penetrated, while traveling by the Saguenay, as far as Hudson Bay. The missions to the Iroquois were re turned, but without great success. In 1669 the sedentary mission of the Prairie de la Madeleine was founded to the south Montreal. There expanded the lily of Canada, that Catherine Tegakouita, who died in her 23d year, and for whom the III Council of Baltimore has asked the process of canonization. This mis sion transferred to Sault-Saint-Louis, now Caughnawaga, is still flourishing (having over 2,000 members), and after numerous vicissitudes has again come into the hands of the Jesuits. From Canada also went Joliet and Father Mar quette on their discovery of the Mississippi (1673). Consult 'Reck des voyages et de couvertes du Pere Marquette) ((New York 1855); Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 'Father Mar quette) (New York 1902).