NAME OP ORGANIZATION units Canada Barbers' International Union of America, Journeymen 40 1,193 Bricklayers. Masons and Plasterers' International Union of America. 56 3,755 d Joiners of America ed Brotherhood of 101 5,000 Electrical Workers, International Brotherhood of 29 1,760 Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of 90 5,013 Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, Brotherhood of 92 6,512 Longshoremen, International Associa tion 26 1,600 Machinista International Association of 69 7,108 Maintenance-of-Way Employees, Inter national Brotherhood of 157 5,419 Mine Workers of America, United 25 4,426 Molders' Union of North America, International 31 2,152 Musicians, American Federation of 40 4.574 Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers of America, Brotherhood of 28 1,196 Plumbers and Steam Fitters of America, United Association of 40 1.827 Railway Conductors, Order of 61 3,026 Railway Carmen of America, Brother hood of 73 4,658 Railroad Trainmen. Brotherhood of 86 Stonecutters' Association of North America, Journeymen 26 750 Typographical Union, International 44 4,647 Totals 1,114 75,300 Trades and Labor Councils.— These are the municipal parliaments of labor, of some what loose organization, supported by a small per capita assessment. They are most import ant bodies under the Canadian system. All matters of general as opposed to craft interests are particularly their concern. In 1916 they numbered 46, of which 42 were chartered by the Trades and Labor Congress and 3 by the Canadian Federation of Labor. Nineteen of the trades councils are in Ontario. Perhaps the most historic labor body in Canada is the Toronto Trades and Labor Council. It was the body chiefly instrumental in calling together the first congress of labor in Canada, and it represents to-day over 10,000 members of the rank and file.
Federal Canada has also its quota of trade federations, i.e., local associa tions of the unions of similar or allied trades. Thus there are nine allied printing trades coun cils, six building trades councils, six federal councils of railway employees and four federa tions of theatrical employees. A considerable number of the craft unions have also what is termed °district councils," which usually com prise all the branches of the same craft organi zation within the given area. Thus the Provin cial Conference Board of Ontario of the Brick layers, Masons and Plasterers' International Union is made tip of 30 local unions scattered throughout the province. Similarly the United Mine Workers of Alberta and British Columbia have a district association. There are alto 38 district councils of labor unions in Canada. It should be noted that in Canada as in the United States the large international rail way organizations have been chary of entering into definite affiliation with the general labor movement. They are not represented for
example in the Trades and Labor Congress. They maintain instead a series of "protective* and °legislative* committees. Certain of the railway organizations have special officers under salary to watch their interests during the ses sions of the Dominion Parliament.
Beneficiary The beneficiary work of the Canadian unions is inextricably inter woven with that of the continental movement. It may be remarked that the total expenditures on benefits of the international organizations represented in Canada was $12,502,128 in 1916, of which the Canadian membership doubtless received its proportional share. In addition, the Canadian unions paid out independently and on a purely local basis the following sums: Death benefits $56.646 Unemployed benefits 2,121 Strike benefits 15,542 Sick benefits 146,592 Other benefits 27,279 Labor Legislation.— The main body of labor legislation in Canada is of provincial origin — the provinces being vested, under the British North America Act, with the protection of civil rights. In the rise and development of the factory system in the older provinces, and of the mining and construction trades there and elsewhere, will be found the conditions which have created most of the Canadian labor laws. Factories and Shops Acts exist in all the provinces, and Mines Acts in those which have an active mining industry. Acts defining the relations of master and servant and protect ing the wages of the latter found their way into provincial statutes at an earlydate. In legislation of this character the model e followed has been that of Great Britain. In workmen's compensation legislation, for example, marked diversity has resulted from the different pace with which the provinces have followed British precedent. The Dominion Parliament, however, as responsible for the peace, order and good government of the country, the regulation of trade and immigration and the scope of the criminal law, has also been largely interested in labor problems. A Dominion Department of Labor has existed since 1900, and has been the chief Canadian agency for the settlement of disputes between capital and labor. The evolu tion of the Dominion policy in intervention in labor disputes, culminating in the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of 1907— a measure which forbids a strike or lockout in the more important industries prior to investigation by a board of inquiry — constitutes perhaps the most interesting chapter in the subject of Cana dian labor legislation. Labor departments in more or less developed form exist in most of the provinces.