Rochester has the finest of all Norman door ways in its west front. This cathedral was built in the 12th century.
Durham is the most picturesquely situated of all English cathedrals. Its Galilee chapel, choir of nine altars, Neville screen and Joseph's win dow (a splendid example of Early Decorated tracery) are its features. Early Norman, Early English and Early Decorated are found here. The tomb of the "Venerable Bede" is here.
In Scotland there are, besides modern edifices, only two complete and entire cathe drals.— those of Glasgow and Kirkwall. Con sult Addis, M. E. L., Cathedrals and Abbeys of Presbyterian Scotland,' Philadelphia 1901.
In Dublin there are two cathedrals: Christ Church, built in 1038, restored and, in 1878, reopened; Saint Patrick's, erected 1190 and restored between 1860 and 1865.
German Cathedrals and Turning now to German cathedrals, we may mention as typical structures the enormous structure at Cologne and the new cathedral at Berlin. The former was begun in the middle of the 13th century and only in part finished by 1509, after which date work was discon tinued, and not resumed until 1830. In 1863 it was thrown open to the public, and in 1880 it was finished. It is 511 feet long and 231 feet wide. The towers reach the height of 513 feet above the Found. The nave, although five feet narrower, is 11 feet higher than that of the cathedral at Amiens. Consult Fergusson, J., 'A History of Architecture in All Countries' (London 1874, Vol. I, p. 533 and Vol. II, p. 67) ; also Moore, C. H., 'Development and Character of Gothic Architecture' (2d ed., New York 1906, p. 253). The new cathedral at Berlin, dedicated in 1905, has its princi pal entrance for the people of that city and for the generalpublic at the side; the traditional west-facade door or doors are reserved for "exits and of the Imperial family, and for entrances not followed by exits — since this cathedral is intended to serve as an Imperial mausoleum. The archi tect, apparently striving after Italian Re naissance effects, has produced a mere "school classic,)) architecturally commonplace in execu tion though unusual in plan. Examples of Ger man Romanesque are the cathedrals at Mayence (1036), Worms (1110-1200), Troves (1047), and Speyer (11th century) —these four being regarded as representative cathedrals of that period. France and Germany claim the Cathe dral of Aix-la-Chapelle, built by Charlemagne as a royal tomb for himself. It "is interesting as resembling Saint Vitale at says Prof. Banister Fletcher in History of Architecture on the Comparative (London 1901). "In plan it is a polygon of 16 sides, 105 feet in diameter. Internally, every two angles converge on to one pier, which thus number eight. These support a dome 47 feet 6 inches in diameter. It is of historic in terest as the crowning place of the Western Emperors. Liibeck Cathedral is a type of brick architecture peculiar to North Germany; the nave and transept are of this period, being founded in 1173.° Examples of Gothic in Ger many (besides Cologne Cathedral) are Strass burg Cathedral, 1240-1365, which has two west ern towers, though only one spire (which dates from 1429) of open work tracery; Ratisbon Cathedral, 1275-1534, the open spires of which were added in 1859-69; Ulm Cathedral, spacious and lofty, with fine choir stalls; Magdeburg, 1208-11; Halberstadt, 1250; Altenburg, 1255; Freiburg, 1270; Meissen, 1274; Osnabriick, 1318; Augsburg, 1321-1431; and Metz, 1330.
Saint Elizabeth, Marburg, 1235-83, has the side aisles raised to the same height as the central aisle, a new type which Germans call the "Hall Church))—as is also Munich Cathedral; Saint Stephen, Vienna, 1300-1510, a splendidly impres sive church in the heart of the city with traceried vaults, a spire and the original stained glass. The cathedral of Prague (1344-52) shows French influence.
Russian Ecclesiastical Edifices. — In Rus sia, the largest and most famous of Petro grad's churches is the cathedral of Saint Isaac of Dalmatia, which was erected 1819 58) in place of an earlier church, after plans by R. de Monferrand, and at an expense of about $12,000,000. Its plan is a cross 364 feet long, and the extreme width is 315 feet. It is built of granite and marble. The central dome, which is gilded and is 87 feet in diameter, is crowned by a lantern more than 40 feet high. Above the floor the dome rises to the measured height of 269 feet (interior), and 33354 feet (exterior) to the top of the cross on the lantern. The walls of the interior are lined with marble of many dif ferent kinds, and each of the chief entrances is ornamented with 16 monolith columns, 7 feet thick and 54 feet high, of red granite from Finland. In the same city, the cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul is the mausoleum of the Russian Imperial family. It is a domed structure 210 feet in length and 98 feet wide. In Moscow, and near the centre of the Kremlin, which is in the very heart of the city, stands the cathedral of the Assumption, the church in which the Tsars are crowned, built by Fiora venti of Bologna in 1475-79. Its form is rect angular and its dimensions moderate (length 125 feet and width 82 feet). Its central dome rises to a height of 138 feet, and there is a smaller dome at each of the corners. Arch angel Cathedral in Moscow was, before the time of Peter the Great, the mausoleum of the Tsars; and near it is the building in which rulers of the same family are christened and married, the cathedral of the Annunciation. The Inner City contains one of the most revered sanctuaries in Russia, that of the chapel of the Iberian Virgin. Saint Basil's, with its variety of domes and strange colors, is one of the most famous churches in Russia. The cathedrals at Moscow, Kiev, Novgorod, and elsewhere, have an eastern aspect, because of their bulbous-shaped domes and barbaric details. Prof. Banister Fletcher writes: "In Greece and Russia the Byzantine style has been the accepted treatment of the Greek Church up to the present day. In Greece the buildings are small, but often exquisitely executed, as the church of Daphni, near Ath ens; the well-known cathedral at etc. Saint Sophia at Constantinople, built by order of Justinian A.D. 532-37, is a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture; the minarets were added many years later.