In Scotland, the movement also took its rise with the scholars and men of lettersnd G gradually percolated downward. The Gaelic Society of Inverness, founded in 1871, whose valuable Transactions have now reached over 30 volumes, offered, in 1875, bonuses to teachers who would agree to teach Gaelic in the Highland schools, and more recently it succeeded in having instruction in that lan guage officially recognized and sanctioned by the Scottish Education Department. Another Highland society for the preservation and cul tivation of the native speech is An Comunn Gdidhealach (The Gaelic Society), founded in 1891, which holds a yearly assembly, called the Mod, somewhat along the lines of the Welsh Eisteddfod or the Irish Oireachtas.
There is also a vigorous press propaganda in Scotland. The Celtic Review, dealing more particularly with Iris- and Scottish Gaelic, made its appearance in 1903. Two periodicals, Guth no Bliadna (The Voice of the Year), a quarterly started in 1904, and An Deo-Greine (The Sunbeam), first published in 1905, devote a considerable portion of their space to Gaelic. In 1908, a weekly newspaper, Alba, printed en tirely in Gaelic, was founded. A fortnightly paper, also wholly in Gaelic, An Mac-talla (The Echo), was published in Prince Edward Island up to 1905. Side by side with this scholastic and popular activity in Gaelic, a Scottish Celtic revival was conducted in English in the quar terly magazine, the Evergreen, published in 1895 and 1896 at Edinburgh. Among its con tributors were Patrick Geddes, S. R. Crockett, Sir George Douglas, Gabriel Setoun, Sir Noel Patton, Riccardo Stephens, William Sharp and "Fionna Macleod." The various books writ ten by "Fionna Macleod," who has long since been identified with the poet William Sharp, are among the most distinctive literary prod ucts of the Renaissance in Scotland, for they show in a pronounced degree many of the traits of Celtic art.
With some 250,000 speakers of Gaelic, the teaching of the subject in the schools, the fos teringcare of the various societies, and an enthusiastic campaign in the press, the preserva tion of the native speech of the Highlands seems assured. The Isle of Man did not es cape the general movement. This little island, traditionally regarded as the former kingdom of the Gaelic god Manannan, has about 4,500 speakers of Manx out of its total population of about 55,000. It is a dominion of the Crown of England, hut enjoys self-government to a very large extent. It has its own Parliament, known as the Tynwald Court, consisting of the Council, or upper branch, and the House of t Keys, or lower branch. The decrees of this Parliament, when approved by the representa tive of the Crown, are supreme. They are promulgated in old Manx, as well as in Eng lish, before the people on the sacred Tynwald Hill. Not only do representatives of the island attend the various Celtic gatherings of other countries,. but there is also a society for the preservation of the Manx language, services in Manx are held in some of the churches, columns in Manx appear in the papers, classes in Manx are conducted at Douglas and there is a Manx section at the annual Guild Festival. The one formerly Celtic section in
which the Celtic Renaissance might be expected to find no responsive echo was the English county of Cornwall. Its native language was supposed to have finally died out so far hack as the last quarter of the 18th century, and its inhabitants seemed completely absorbed in the English nationality. It had, however, Celtic traditions and even some remains of a Celtic literature, and one or two actual speakers of Cornish successfully established their right to represent Cornwall at the Cardiff Eisteddfod in 1899 and at the Pan-Celtic Congress held in Dublin in 1901. In 1902 there was established the Cowethas Kelto-Kernuak (Society of Cor nish Celts), whose object, in addition to saving from destruction the megalithic monuments of the country, the feudal ruins, the old crosses, the ancient chapels and the legendary wells, was to restore the. Cornish language and to re vive the popular Cornish open-air dramas and bardic solemnities. It seems a gigantic, almost impossible, undertaking; but, as Charles Le Goffic says, in this connection: °There is such a power of recovery in the Celtic races that, among them, the wildest dream of to-day often becomes the established fact of to-morrow." In Wales, there was far less need for a linguistic or literary revival than elsewhere, for Welsh nationality remained of a pronounced type, and from early in the 18th century the Welsh language, owing to its constant use by the Methodist preachers, had had a wide vogue both as a spoken and a written medium. The society known as the Cymdeithas y Cymmro dorion had been established as far back as 1751, and two periodicals entirely in Welsh, namely, Trysorfa y Gwybodaeth (Treasure of Cymric Knowledge) and Cylchgrawn Cymraeg (Cymric Review), date, respectively, from 1770 and 1793. In 1792 there was established in London an important society, the Cymdeithas y Cymreigddion, which engaged in a search for Welsh manuscripts, and published, in 1801-07, the result of its labors under the title of tMyvyrian Through the exer tions of the prime movers in this Society, the Eisteddfod, or National Assembly, whose origin is lost in the mists of antiquity, but which can with some certainty be traced back to 1135, was revived in 1819, under the direction of the Gorsedd, and has been held every year since without intermission. In Wales, there fore, the seed of the Celtic Renaissance fell on fertile soil and grew apace. Willing workers were not wanting, and, by 1895, no fewer than 57 periodicals in the Welsh language were mak ing a regular appearance. In addition, many newspapers published in the principality and in the near-by large English cities print several columns in Welsh. Nearly a million persons, out of an approximate population of 2,000,000 (2,030,271, according to the census of 1911), are speakers of Welsh. Welsh is used in the pulpit and taught in the schools, and chairs of Welsh have been founded at the colleges of. Aberystwyth, Cardiff and Bangor and in the University of Wales.