CHAMPLAIN, shin-plan or de, French navigator, colonizer and soldier: b. Brouage, Saintonge, about 1570; d. Quebec, 25 Dec. 1635. In early life he served in the army of Henri IV, as quartermaster of cavalry, but in January 1599 he sailed as captain of the Saint Julien to the West Indies, Mexico and Panama. On his return (1601) he prepared a record of this cruise, with charts, etc., which is preserved in manuscript form at Dieppe. An English translation was published in 1859, and it appeared in the original in 1870. In March 1603 he sailed for North America, and ex plored, by boat, the Saint Lawrence River up to the Falls of Saint Louis, and down to Gaspe, and published a small book describing his voyage. In May 1604 he sailed with De Monts along the shores of Nova Scotia, wintered on the island of Saint Croix and founded a colony at Port Royal. From 1604 to 1606 he made careful surveys and charts of the coast as far as Cape Cod. He revisited France in 1607, but sailed again in 1608, and founded Quebec, which, owing to the development of its fur trade, rapidly increased in size. In 1609 he accompanied an Algonquin and Huron expedi tion against the Iroquois, and thereby discov ered Lake Champlain, on the borders of which the Iroquois were defeated. From September
1609 to March 1610 he was engaged in bringing over French mechanics for his colony. In 1611 he established a trading-post at the present site of Montreal. He became lieutenant-governor of New France, 8 Oct. 1612; accompanied a band of Indians against the Iroquois, traversing a large part of the present State of New York; fortified Quebec in 1620, but was compelled in 1629 to surrender to an English fleet, and was taken to England. Released in 1632, he sailed again for New France, with three well-equipped vessels, and spent his last years in the govern ment and development of the French colonies. A complete edition of his works was published in 1870, Laverdiere and Casgrain being the editors. An English translation by Charles Otis, with a memoir by E. F. Slafter appeared in Boston (3 vols., 1878-82). Consult 'Voy ages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-18) (New York 1907); Parkman,