CHANZY, Antoine Engine Al fred, French general and politician: b. Nouart, Ardennes, 18 March 1823; d. Chilons-sur Marne, 4 Jan. 1883. After a course at the military school of Saint-Cyr, he became sub lieutenant of infantry in 1843, and was sent to Algeria and eventually became major. He sub sequently served in Italy and Syria, but on becoming colonel he returned to Africa in 1868. On the outbreak of the war with Germany, in 1870, he was created a general of division, and after gaining the battles of Coulmiers and Patay, was put in command of the second army of the Loire. Here he fought heroically against the much stronger and more disciplined Germans, but finally had to retreat. He was elected to the National Assembly for the de partment of Ardennes, and during the Com mune he narrowly escaped with his life. When peace was declared he was elected to the National Assembly and became in 1872 com mander of the Seventh Army Corps. In 1873
he went to Algeria as governor-general, in 1875 was elected life senator and in 1879 he stood for the presidency. In that year also he was sent to Russia as Ambassador, a post which he held till 1881, when he became com mander of the Sixth Army Corps. He published 'La deuxiime armee de la Loire' (1871). Consult biographies by Chuquet (Paris 1884) and Villefranche (Paris 1890).
chow'-chow, China, a city in the province of Kwang-tung, on the river Ham, 195 miles northeast of Hongkong. It is the centre of an important maritime division of the province. The channel leading to it is very shallow, so that ships of large burden can sail up only at high water. This city was included in the Treaty of Tientsin (1858) as a port open to foreign trade, but the foreign trade is trans acted at Swatow. Pop. estimated about 200,000.