After the Austro-Italian War of 1859 the papal see was stripped of the greatest part of its territorial possessions. Embracing before that date an area of 17,218 square miles, with 3,124,658 inhabitants, the Roman territory was then reduced to 4,891 square miles, and 692,106 inhabitants. Of the former legations and dele gations into which it was subdivided only five remained, namely•— Rome and the Comarca, Viterbo, Civita Vecchia, Velletri and Frcisi none. From 1860 to 1866 the papal government was sustained by the presence of a French army, which was withdrawn in 1866 upon the king of Italy binding himself by treaty to respect the integrity of the Roman states. In 1867, however, revolutionists numbering 15,000, be longing. to the Italian party of action, entered the papal territory, headed by Menotti Gari baldi. They made but little progress until the elder Garibaldi placed himself at their head. Napoleon III, at the earnest prayer of the Pope, sent an army to protect the city against the vio lence. of the revolutionists, who had now sur rounded it. On 28 October the French entered Rome, and Garibaldi, beginning to perceive that he would be hemmed in by the regular Italian forces under Cialdini, thought of retreating. An advanced section of the papal troops came in contact with the Garibaldians (3 November), and were likely to have suffered severely • had not two French battalions, armed with the Chassepot rifle, come speedily to their aid.
Garibaldi, with 4,000 men, retreated into the Italian territory, where they were disarmed. A strong force of French troops were left in oc cupation of Civita Vecchia after peace was restored and the Pope seemed as secure as ever. But the outbreak of the Franco-German War changed the aspect of affairs. The French army of occupation left Rome on 30 July 1870, and the Pope was at the mercy of his powerf01 neighbor, Victor Emmanuel, king of Italy, who, seizing the opportunity, marched upon Rome and took it by force of arms. In September the Italian troops occupied Rome. In October the states of the Church were incorporated with the kingdom of Italy, a plebiscite was held under bayonet-rule, the count of which resulted in 133,681 in favor of the Sardinian occupation and 1,807 against it. • In the beginning of July 1871, Rome became the seat of the Italian gov ernment and the residence of the court. An Italian law of 13 May 1871 guaranteed, be sides possession of the Vatican and Lateran palaces and the villa of Castel Gandolfo, an annual income to His Holiness the Pope and his successors forever of $645,000. This allow ance whose arrears without interest in 1918 amounted to $30,960,000 remains unclaimed and unpaid.