The early masters,. however, did not impart their theory, leaving instead only their accom plished work as examples. Modern or practical city is, therefore, a new art, of German origin, based upon principles, theories and prac tice reduced to a scientific basis. The origi nators and modern masters are Reinhard Bau meister, The originator of the science of city planning, and Camille Sitte, the creator of the msthetic principles governing the same, while, of practical city builders, Joseph Stiibben is the greatest.
The results obtained by German city planners in applying scientific methods in the develop ment of their cities have been studied by officials of other countries, with the consequence that within the past decade numerous cities in France, England, United States, Canada and Australia have organized city planning commis sions, whose plan is to co-operate with the city authorities. In many States of the Union laws are in force to this effect ; for instance, all third class cities (above 50,000 population) in the State of Pennsylvania must have city plan ning commissions, must retain a city planning expert and provide ways and means for the betterment and enlargement of their cities. The jurisdiction of these commissions covers also the territory within three miles of the city limit. Already more than 200 cities of the United States have adopted more or less com prehensive systems of city planning, and the number is constantly increasing.
Principles of City The German city building movement produced great, prac tical city planners, who have left no municipal factor out of their calculations, and as a result the United Society of German Architects and Engineers in 1874 formulated a set of funda mental principles governing their activities. Some of the basic principles of enlarging a city, considered from the technical, the economic and the administrative points of view, are: "(1) The scope of city planning consists prin cipally in fixing the base lines of all traffic movements and transit facilities, viz.: Streets, street cars, railroads and canals, which must be treated liberally and systematically. (2) The street net should contain the main streets, with the existing streets taken duly into considera tion; the auxiliary streets which are fixed by local conditions; and in addition other sub ordinate streets, treated in accordance with the necessities of the immediate future, or having their development placed in the hands of inter ested property owners. (3) The groupir.g of the parts of the city should be effected in ac cordance with their location and individual characteristics, subject to such modification as may be demanded by sanitary considerations and the exigencies of commerce and industry. (4) The duty of the building department is to determine the rights and privileges of tenant and neighbor and house owner. Such rights and privileges are related to fire protection, freedom from interference, health, and safety of buildings; and all aesthetic considerations must be secondary thereto. (5) It is desirable that expropriation and impropriation be facili tated by legal measures, and of still more im portance is the creation of a law providing for the regulation of new or reconstructed blocks to be built upon. (6) The city should be reim bursed by property holders directly benefited by improvements by funds advanced by the city for such purposes, and it is advisable to have the amount stipulated before the work is begun and a normal cost per front foot fixed. (7) The activities of interested property owners' associations, in regard to the improvement of certain sections, should be subject to munici pal supervision. (8) Land upon which it is
imperative to make improvements should only be built upon under reservations for its sub sequent use by the city. The property owner whose land has been marked out for street im provements should be entitled to demand expro priation with compensation, in the event of de lay in making the improvements. The installa tion of sewer connections to new buildings must be at the expense of the property holder, but the city should be obligated to install a complete system upon the guarantee of a suffi cient number of property owners of abutting property." In his work