Before man can reach up to any worthy degree of civilization there must he justice and hutnanity as well as order and industry in human affairs. These important elements enter definitely into life with the Hebrew legislation of c. B.C. 800. Some 50 years later in Greece Hesiod, a farmer poet, raised a cry for social justice. • In Palestine this cry grew into a religion in the time of Josiah; in Greece it re stilted in the constitutional reforms of Solon, c. s.c. 590, and later in democratic institutions, and the rise of the spirit of democracy. In the time of Herodotus and Pericles, s.c. 450, the people of Greece took active part in political affairs. At the same period a further step for ward in civilization was taken when the people of Rome demanded the right to share in the mak ing of new laws. Socrates, c. B.C.400, brought into being the idea that government should aim to make it possible to live the best sort of life. It was a small contribution perhaps to civiliza tion when the kings of smaller states conceived and put into practice the idea of getting together to defeat some particularly powerful and am bitious neighbor. It was a step out of inter national disorder and savagery when Burna buriash, king of Babylon s.c. 1400, thought to improve the relations between his kingdom and that of Egypt by marrying an Egyptian prin cess. Militarism was often the only weapon that could be used to protect the attainments of civilization from destruction by the barbarians who frequently made war upon the settled com munities. The introduction of the horse, B.C. 1900, was a benefit conferred by militarism. The need of transporting large bodies of soldiers and equipment to distant parts led to the planning and actual building of roads so essential to civilized communities.
The doctrine of the divine right of kings also became a decisive factor in the progress of civilization. About B.C. 3500 the Egyptian kings adopted the title "Son of the Sun" and the Babylonian Priest-king Gudea, B.C. 2400, was deified and worshipped after his death. The doctrine of the king as the specially chosen of the deity grew from generation to genera tion, giving superhuman authority to his utter ances and sanctity to his person.
Commerce.-- In remote prehistoric days it was found to be generally advantageous for the man who could make arrow-heads better than anyone else to keep to that job and trade his wares for the food which the hunter brought home and could spare.
With the growth of cities in the Euphratean and Nile valleys and elsewhere the city dwellers needed food and supplies of many sorts, the builders needed materials from far and near, and so commerce rapidly grew to large pro portions, challenging the food growers to grow more food and others to exercise their ingenuity to devise means of transportation of this in creasing commerce. Records of B.C. 2500 in Babylonia, and the same must have been true in Egypt, make mention of commercial agents, bookkeepers, grain measurers, boatmen, garden ers, capitalists, fishermen; houses and land and cattle and slaves were bought and sold; money was loaned at interest at the general rate of 20 per cent ; contracts of all sorts were made and guaranteed. By s.c. 1000 the Phoenicians were
altogether a commercial people establishing purely commercial towns westward beyond the Mediterannean and eastward and southward as well. These commercial cities were outposts and sources of civilization. From the very first, commerce contributed heavily to the process of civilization in that it gave rise to the spirit of fair-dealing, honesty and truthfulness.
Civilization can make but little headway so long as man is nothing better than a beast of burden. It is possible that in prehistoric times he began to shift burden-carry ing from his own back to the backs of animals. R2f ts and hollowed logs as early as s.c. 10000 may have helped in the matter. With the estab lishment of cities in the valleys of the Nile and Euphrates a considerable system of water trans portation speedily developed. Rafts and basket like contraptions woven of willow and rushes, lined within and covered without with bitumen, were likely the earliest type of water-carriers before ex. 5000. Real boats did not lag far behind and the presence of a ship °with masts and decks and oars') in the Deluge legend would indicate that by c. ac. 4000 water transportation had attained a high degree of development, and that somewhere near to this date over-sea ports were visited. Eannadu, c. B.C. 4000, one of the Euphratean kings, built brick-lined canals for transportation purposes, and the great Ham murabi c. B.C. 2200, complains that a navigable canal connecting Erech with the Euphrates was blocked so that the ships could not go up it. An exceedingly ambitious project was the canal dug by Pharaoh, c. 2000, connecting the Nile with the Red Sea. A 15th century ac. painting at Karnak represents Queen Hatshepsut's fleet of five ships equipped with sails just returned from a voyage to the land of Punt. The sea going vessels under the Phcenicians and the Greelcs in no essential thing differ from these early boats and ships. With the establishment of harbors and docks and lighthouses (at Alex aiulria, B.C. 300) the mercantile marine which has had so great an influence upon the life of the world, became an important factor in the process of civilization.
Land transportation, except for the camel caravan, amounted to little because perhaps draft animals were too costly and wheeled vehicles, as seen in an 8th century inscription, impossibly cumbersome. The first real road to be planned was the highway which Alexander the Great proposed to build from Egypt to Carthage. The most notable feat of trans portation was the hauling on sledges of im mense blocics of stone from quarry to boat and boats to Pyramid and up to the level desired. The development of transportation made pos sible a thoroughly settled and organized life without which manners and customs were in capable of permanent improvement. Journeying from place to place and dealing with peoples near and far distant, men were compelled to think of the world and life in larger terms.