CLAM. While the vernacular name clam is indiscriminately applied to any large edible bivalve, it usually refers to the narthern alone or soft-shelled clam (Mya arenaria), in dis tinction from the round clam, hard7shell clam, or quahog (Venus mercenaria), which extends from Cape Cod southward, though occasionally found as far north as the Maine coast (Casco Bay) and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence at Shediac. The soft-shelled clam occurs through out the Atlantic Coast from North Carolina to Greenland, and on the British shores, where it is called ugaper,p and is everywhere on the American coast a valuable article of food. The so-called black °Ilea& is the siphon, which is very extensible and divided by a fleshy partition into two passages, opening out by two orifices surrounded by a circle of delicate sensitive tentacles; into the lower opening passes the sea-water, carrying minute animals, young and old, and diatoms, around to the mouth, which is in the larger end of the body; through the other or upper opening of the siphon the excrementitious matter is expelled. The clam has a tongue-shaped afoot,p by which it bur rows into the mud or sand to a depth of several inches. The clam may be of either sex, male or female; it is very prolific, extruding an in conceivable number of eggs into the sea, where they are fertilized. The young larvm (veligers) swim at the surface, where they are borne in all directions, until after a few days, the shells be coming heavier, they sink to the bottom, and, resting on the seaweed or stones at the bot tom, the °spat') become attached by a few byssus threads. Clams begin to spawn by the end of the first year of their life, and in Narra gansett Bay are sexually mature and the eggs become ripe when the animal is only an inch long. The breeding season begins in May, reaches its height in June and ends in July. Of course clams cannot feed when the tide is out, hence.they. grow more slowly when living near high-tide line. When the young begin to bur row, and they dig very rapidly during the first two months of their life, when one-quarter to one-half inch in length, they are attacked by crabs, eels and starfish (q.v.). In Rhode Island
attempts at restocking clam beds and raising clams artificially have met with success and promise valuable results in clam-culture. Clams have been taken five and three-quarters inches long, and weighing 15 ounces. Attempts have been made to plant the clam on the Pacific Coast.
The round, or little-necked clam, or quahog, as it is called in New England, lives in the sand from Cape Cod to Texas, just below low-water mark, and abounds at the mouth of estuaries. The shell is heart-shaped, the valves very thick and heavy. This bivalve is fished by means of long rakes and tongs, or is dredged like oysters. It has a very large °foot," and plows through the sand, but does not burrow deeply.
The beach, surf or hen clam is Spisula (formerly Mactra) solidissima. The large edi ble species of the southern coast is the painted clam (Callista gigantca). Several large Pacific Coast bivalves are edible and known as clams, being species of Taper, Laxidomus and Glyci mens. Very unlilce any edible clam is the ((giant (Tridacna gigas) of the coral reefs of the Pacific Ocean, whose shell often weighs upward of 400 pounds and whose soft part amounts to 20 pounds of edible flesh. Consult Mead, 90-33d Annual Reports of the Commissioners of Inland Fisheries of Rhode Island' ; Mayer, 'Sea-Shore Life> (New York 1906).
Eduard, C,OUNT, Austrian general: b. Prague 1805; d. 1891. He entered the army in 1823 and reached the rank of major-general in 1849. In 1848 he commanded the Transylvanian corps which joined the Russians and defeated Bem at Sepsi Saint Gyorgy. He commanded the First Divi sion of Bohemian Regulars in 1850 and won distinction at Magenta and Solferino in 1859. In 1866 he was defeated by the Prussians at Hiihnerwasser, Podol, Miinchengratz and Git schin. These disasters led to his appearance before a military tribunal, which acquitted him because the chief responsibility for the several defeats was tracedole to his superiors.