CLAUSIUS, klow'ze-fis, Rudolf, German physicist: b. Koslin, Pomerania, 2 Jan. 1822; d. Bonn, 24 Aug. 1888. He studied at Berlin and aftenvard lectured on natural philosophy as privat-docent at Berlin, and as professor at the Ziirich Polytechnic School. In 1869 he was appointed to the chair of natural philosophy at Bonn. He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1868, and in 1879 was given its highest honor, the Copley medal. His scientific labors cover parts of the field of optics and of electricity, but his especial work was his contri bution to the science of thermo-dynamics, the honor of establishing which on a scientific basis he divides with Ranlcine and Thomson. To his research is due the discovery of the second law of this science that 'cheat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body? His studies in electrolysis are also important, par ticularly his theory that a part of the ions are free to unite with other ions and are not in complete union. These uncombined ions are brought together under the action of the cur rent at the anode and cathode. His mathe matical methods he also applied to the theory of the steam-engine, the dynamical or kinetic theory of gases, and to electricity and electro dynamics. His great works are (Die mechan ische Warrnetheorie) (1876) ; 'Die Potential funktion und das Potential) (1859) ; and das Wesen der Warme, verglichen mit Licht and Scha11> (1857). For a biography
consult Riecke, Clausis' (Gottingen 1889).
Adolph von, Danish educator: b. near Altona, Holstein, 1826; d. 1906. He joined the Danish cavalry but resigned to devote himself to the promo tion of education. He founded the Danish Clubs for Home Industry in 1870 and lectured on manual training in several of the larger European cities in 1873-78. He advocated the revival of working schools for boys, aiming at training the hand and eye along with the mind. He conducted training schools in Saxony and instituted courses in drawing and modeling in the institute for the blind at Dresden.
Wilhelmina, Aus trian pianist: b Prague, 1834; d. 1907. She received her musical education at the Proksch Institute of Prague. She made a tour of Ger many in 1849 and came under the notice of Berlioz at Paris, where she had little success at first. Later under the patronage of Madame Ungher-Sabastier she attained the fullest meas ure of success and thereafter toured through Europe. She was especially successful as an interpreter of Bach and Beethoven. She mar ried the author, Frederick Szavardy in 1857.