Clodion
Clodion, Clo-de-edi' (real Name Claude Michel), French Sculptor: B. Nancy, Lorraine, 1738; D. Paris 1814. His Mother Was A Daugh Ter Of Jacob Sigisbert Adam, A Prominent French Sculptor. Clodion Went To Paris In 1755 And Entered The Studio Of His Uncle, Lambert Sigisbert Adam, Also A Sculptor. Upon His ...
Clodius
Clodius, Pnblins, Surnamed Puleher, A Roman Politician, Son Of Appius Claudius Pulcher, Who Lived From About 93 To 52 B.c. In The Third Mithridatic War He Served Under His Brother-in-law Lncullus, But Considering Himself Ill-treated, He Stirred Up A Revolt And Then Joined The Army Of Another Brother-in-law, Quintus Martius ...
Cloister O F
Cloister (o. F. Cloi:tre, Lat. Claustrum, Bar, Enclosed Place), A Court Enclosed By Cov Ered Walks. The Latter Are, Strictly Speaking, The Cloisters, The Central Space Being Termed The Cloister Garth. The Walks, Or Ambulatories, Are Open On The Side Toward The Garth And When Appertaining To Monastic Or Collegiate ...
Cloister And The Hearth
Cloister And The Hearth, The. Charles Reade's 'the Cloister And The Hearth> (1861), Like George Eliot's (romola' (1863), Is A Very Great Historical Novel Dealing With The Renaissance. George Eliot Confines Her Theme To Italy, Making A Profound Psychological Study Of A Few Typical Characters. Charles Reade Gives A Broad ...
Cloots
Cloots, Wits, Jean Baptiste Von, Prus Sian Baron, Well Known During The Revolu Tionary Scenes In France Under The Appellation Of Anarchist Cloots: B. Gnadenthal, Near Cleves, 24 June 1755; D. 24 March 1794. He Be Came Possessed Of A Considerable Fortune, Which He Partly Dissipated Through Misconduct. He Was ...
Closure
Closure (often Needlessly Cloture, The Same Word In French), The European Substitute For The American °previous Question": The Power Of Shutting Off Debate When The Speaker Or The Majority Think It Has Exhausted Legiti Mate Argument And Is Used For Mere Obstruc Tion. As The Equity Of Neither Deciding Power ...
Clothing Industry In Amer
Clothing Industry In Amer Ica. As Shown By The 1914 Census Of Manu Factures In The United States, The Value Of The Factory Product Of Clothing Exceeded That Of All Other Industries Except Three, Which, In Order Of Magnitude, Were Iron And Steel, Slaughtering And Meat Pacicing And Foundry And ...
Clouds
Clouds, Masses Of Minute Globules Of Water Or Crystals Of Ice And Snow Suspended In The Atmosphere. The Minute Globules Of Water That Make The Cloud Are Evidently. Condensed From The Invisi Ble Moisture That Is Always Present In The Air In Greater Or Less Quantities. The Studies Of Aitken, ...
Clough
Clough, Arthur Hugh, English Poet: B. Liverpool, 1 Jan. 1819; D. Florence, Italy, 13 Nov. 1861. He Studied Under Arnold At Rugby, Then At Balliol College, Oxford, And Became A Fellow Of Oriel College In 1842. In 1849 He Became Head Of University Hall, Lon Don, But Resigned In 1852 ...
Clove
Clove, The Unexpanded Flower-bud Of An East Indian Tree (eugenia Aromatica) Some What Resembling The Laurel In Its Height And In The Shape Of Its Leaves. The Flowers G.row In Clusters, And The Petals Are Small, Rounded And Of A Bluish Color; The Fruit Is An Oval Berry. The Molucca ...
Clover
Clover, Species Of The Genus Trifolium, Belonging To The Pea Family (fabacece). Of Trifolium About 400 Species Have Been De Scribed; They Are Most Abundant In The North Temperate Zone, A Few In South America And South Africa. Some Are Very Itnportant In Agriculture, Either For Pasturage, Fodder Or For ...
Clovis
Clovis, King Of The Franks: B. About 465; D. Paris, 27 Nov. 511. He Succeeded His Father, Childeric, In The Year 481, As Chief Of The Warlike Tribe Of Salian Franks. He United With Ragnacaire, Icing Of Cambray, Declared War Upon Syagrius, The Roman Governor At Soissons, And Utterly Routed ...
Cloyds Mountain
Cloyd's Mountain, Battle Of. On 3 May 1864 Gen. George Crook Of The Union Army Marched From Fayette, W. Va., To Break The Virginia And T. Railroad At The New River Bridge. He Had 11 Regiments Of Infantry And Two Batteries Of Artillery, In All About 6,100 Men, Brigaded Under ...
Club A S
Club (a. S. Cleofan, To Divide, The Club Expenses Being Shared By The Members), A Company Of Persons Associated For Some Com Mon Object —social, Literary, Political, Etc. It Has Been Claimed That Social Clubs Were Lcnown To The Ancient Romans, But The Evidence Of Their Existence Is Scanty. Inscriptions ...
Clyde
Clyde, Klid, Scotland, A River Which Rises As Daer Water In The Lowther Hills In The Southern Extremity Of Lanarkshire. Its Watershed Is Approximately Concident With The Boundaries Of That County. In Its Upper Reaches It Is A Mountain Stream Flowing Through Bleak Uplancts. Near Lanark Are The Celebrated Falls, ...
Clymer
Clymer, George, American Statesman: B. Philadelphia 1739; D. Morrisville, Pa., 23 Jan. 1813. He Was Orphaned At The Age Of One Year, Received An Education At The College Of Phila Delphia (now University Of Pennsylvania), Entered Mercantile Life When A Lad And Ac Quired A Competence. He Was Prominent In ...
Co Operative Banking
Co-operative Banking. The Idea Of Co-operative Banking Was Conceived By Her Man Schulze-delitzsch And Was First Put Into Practice In 1849 At Eilenburg, Prussia. It Grew Out Of His Effort To Rescue A Number Of Car Penters And Shoemakers From Usury And To Obtain Money For Them At Fair Terms ...
Coach
Coach, A Large, Closed, Four-wheeled Vehicle Generally Constructed To Carry Pas Sengers Inside And Outside. It Is Used As A General Term To Cover All Such Vehicles, But The Typical Coach Involves Four Wheels, Springs And A Roof. It Took Its Name From The Place Whence It Came, Kocs, A ...
Coahuila
Coahuila, Ko-a-wela, Mexico, State Bounded On The North By The United States, On The East By Nuevo Leon, On The South By San Luis Potosi And Zacatecas And On The South West, West And Northwest By Durango And Chi Huahua. Its Arca Is About 63,745 Square Tniles The Capital Is ...
Coal
Coal, A Mineralized Form Of Carbon, Con Stituting One Of The Metamorphic Rocks. It Is Found In Seams Or Beds, Often In A Series Sep Arated By Intervening Strata Of Sedimentary Rocks. Many Theories Have Been Ad Vanced As To The Origin Of Coal. Thus Coal Beds Have Been Attributed ...
Coal Lands
Coal Lands. On 1 July 1864 The First Act Which Specifically Mentions Coal Lands In The Public Domain Became Law. This Law Fixed The Minimum Price At $20 Per Acre But In 1873 An Act Was Passed Reducing The Price To $10 Per Acre Where The Land Purchased Was Situated ...
Coal Mining
Coal Mining. Coal Mining Differs From Metalliferous Mining Chiefly In The Better Ventilation Required, The Extent And Regularity Of Mine Workings And The Necessity Of Getting Out The Mine Product With As Little Dust As Possible. The Principal Gases Found In Coal Mines Are Carbon Dioxide, Co., Heavier Than Air, ...
Coal Mining Machinery
Coal Mining Machinery. Dur Ing The Past 50 Years Numerous Machines Have Been Introduced For Mining Coal. In The United States Coal Mining By Machinery Has Proved Most Successful And Divides The Field With Drill Ing And Blasting. 56 Per Cent Of The Coal Product Of The United States Is ...
Coal Oil
Coal Oil, A Volatile Oil Distilled From Petroleum (q.v.). Or The Opaque, Viscid, Black Or Brownish Liquid Arising As A By-product From The Dry Distillation Of Bitumi Nous Coal In The Manufacture Of Coal Gas, And Also In The Manufacture Of Coke. It Consists Principally Of The Substances Grouped Under ...
Coal Tar Products
Coal-tar Products. Coal-tar Is Separated Into Its Many Valuable Constituents By Distillation At Gradually Increasing Tem Peratures. This Is Done Usually In An Iron Still Cylindrical In Shape, About As High As It Is In Diameter, With A Domed Top And A Concave Bottom. The Charge Is Usually 20 Tons ...
Coal Washing
Coal Washing. Coal Washing Con Sists In The Removal From Coal Of The Impurities Which It Contains In Nature. Some Of These Cannot Be Removed Because They Are Part Of The Coal Itself ; For Example, Some Of The Ash, Of The Phosphorus And Of The Sulphur. Others, As Slate, ...
Coast Defense
Coast Defense, Systematic Protection Of A Country Against Hostile Attack Along Its Coast-lines. The Term Should Not Be Confused With Coast Defenses, Which Implies Only Those Works Erected At Special Points, For The De Fense Of Limited Sections Of The Coast. In Pro Viding Such Defense A Nation Will Consider ...
Coast Guard
Coast Guard, A British Force Formerly Under The Customs Department, But Since 1856 Under The Admiralty, And Intended Only To Pre Vent Smuggling, But Now Organized Also For Purposes Of Defense And Governed By The Ad Miralty. The Men, Who Are Generally Old Men Of-war's Men Of Good Character, Have ...
Coast Pilots
Coast Pilots, A Book Compiled To Assist Mariners In The Navigation Of Their Vessels, And, When From Any Cause They Are Without Charts, To Enable Them To Safely Carry Their Vessels From Port To Port Along The Coast. The Governments Of All Large Maritime Nations Pub Lish Works For These ...
Coast Range
Coast Range. The Pacific Shore Of The United States Rises Abruptly From The Ocean Along Nearly Its Whole Length, With Practically No Coastal Plain Of Any Size From Southern Cali Fornia To The Strait Of San Juan De Fuca. The Hills And Low Mountains Which Border The Ocean Are Given ...
Coast And Geodetic Survey
Coast And Geodetic Survey, United States. To All Nations Whose Territory Touches The Sea Or Other Water Navigable To Any Extent, Or Who Have Any Interests In The Com Merce Of The Sea, A Full And Complete Lcnowledge Of The Coast—its Nature And Form, The Charac Ter Of The Sea ...
Coasting Trade
Coasting Trade, Trade Carried On By Sea Between The Ports Of The Same Country. In Some Countries The Coasting Trade Is Retained As A Home Monopoly, And This Used To Be The Case In The 'united Kingdom, But By. Recent Laws The Coasting Trade Of Great Britain Has Been Opened ...
Cobalt
Cobalt, A Metal Which Occurs Combined With Arsenic, Nickel And Other Metals; Also As A Sulphide And As An Arsenate. After The Ore Has Been Calcined, Oxide Of Cobalt Remains, But Impure From The Presence Of Other Metallic Oxides. When This Oxide Has Been Purified And Reduced To The Metallic ...
Cobalt_2
Cobalt, Canada. Situated On Lake Co Balt, In Northern Ontario, 330 Miles North Of Toronto. It Was Unknown Up Till 1903 As Either Town Or Mining Camp. It Was During The Building Of The Timiskaming And Northern On Tario Railway, A Work Of The Provincial Gov Ernment, That The First ...
Cobbett
Cobbett, William, English Writer And Politician; Was The Son Of A Farmer And Pub Lican: B. Farnham, Surrey, 9 March 1762; D. Near Guildford, 18 June 1835. In 1783 He Set Out To Try His Fortune In London And Arrived There With Only A Half A Crown In His Pocket. ...
Cobden
Cobden, Richard, English Economist, The Great ((apostle Of Free Trade": B. Dunforo, Sus Sex, 3 June 1804; D. London, 2 April 1865. After Receiving A Very Meagre Education At The Grammar School Of Midhurst, He Was Taken As An Apprentice Into A Manchester Warehouse In London Belonging To His Uncle, ...
Coblenz
Coblenz, Layblents, Germany, A Forti Fied City, Anciently Called Confluentes, From Its Situation At The Confluence Of The Rhine And Moselle. It Is The Capital Of Rhenish Prussia And Is Finely Situated On The Left Bank Of The Rhine, In The Angle Between That River And The Moselle And Connected ...
Cobra De Capello
Cobra De Capello, The Portuguese Name Of An East Indian Elapine Serpent, The Naja Tripudiatts, And Sometimes Applied To Its Congeners, Among Which Is The King Cobra Or Hamadryad Of India, Naja Bungarus, And An African Genus, The Naja Limit', Or Asp, All Of Which Are Reptiles Of The Most ...
Coburn
Coburn, Foster Dwight, American Farmer And Agricultural Writer: B. Jefferson County, Wis., 7 May 1846. After Serving In Two Illinois Infantry Regiments During The Civil War He Went To Kansas In 1867. The Agricul Ture Of Kansas Owes Much To His Expert Knowl Edge And Enthusiasm. He Became Secretary Of ...
Cocaine
Cocaine, Kffica-in, A Vegetable Allcaloid, With The Chemical Formula Crrfluno., Obtained From The Leaves Of The Coca Shrub (erythroxy Ion Coca) Growing On The Eastern Slo.pes Of The Andes And Cultivated In Peru, Bolivia, Colom Bia And Brazil, And In Java, Ceylon And The Malay States. Cocaine Was First Isolated ...
Coccus
Coccus, In Zoology, A Genus Of Insects Of The Order Hetniptera, Family Coccicke. See Scale Insects; Also Cochineal ; Kermes ; Lac /n Medicine.— Coccus Is Also The Name Of A Family Of Bacteria Characterized By Their Spherical Form And Consisting Of A Number Of Genera, All Named For Certain ...
Cochin
Cochin, A Variety Of The Domestic Fowl, Imported From Cochin-china. It Is A Large, Ungainly Bird, Valuable Chiefly Owing To Its Fecundity, Eggs Being Laid Even During The Win Ter. They Are Brown, Black, Buff Or Variegated In Color, And Except In The Black Variety Have Yellow-feathered Legs And Single ...
Cochineal
Cochineal, Koch'i-nel, One Of The Scale Insects (coccus Cacti), Used As A Dye. It Is A Native Of Mexico, But Has Been Introduced Into Europe, Algiers, And The Canary Islands, Where The Plantations Of Cactus Were Cultivated For Their Nourishment. It Is A Small Insect With The Body Wrinkled Transversely; ...
Cockfighting
Cockfighting, An Ancient Sport Of Unknown Origin, But Practised Among Both The Greeks And The Romans. An Annual Cockfight Was Instituted At Athens, And Yleschines Re Proaches Timarchus, And Plato The Athenians In General, With Their Fondness For The Cock-pit. The Breeds Of Rhodes And Of Tanagra In Bceotia Were ...
Cockroach
Cockroach, Any Of The Species Of Blotto Or Allied Genera, Belonging To The Family Blot Tido., Order Orthopfera. The Body Of The Cock Roach Is Much Flattened, Being Adapted To Life Under The Bark Of Trees, Under Stones, In Cracks, Etc. The Four Wings Are Much Alilce In Size And ...
Cocos
Cocos, A Genus Of Palms. There Are About 55 Species, Natives Of South America, But Culti Vated For Their Fruits Or For Ornament In Many Warm Countries. They Vary Considerably In Height, But Are All Characterized By Absence Of Spines, Ridged Trunks, Pinnatisect Leaves In A Ter Minal Crown Or ...
Cocytus
Cocytus (from Gr. Kauein, To Lament), A River Of Ancient Epirus Which Falls Into The Acheron. Also, Among The Ancient Greeks, One Of The Rivers Of The Lower World. Cod, The Typical Representative (gadus Cal Larias Or Gachts Morrlsa) Of A Family (gadi Rite, Q.v.) Of Marine Fishes Of Pre-eminent ...
Code
Code, International. A Code Of Interna Tional Law Was Published In 1910 By The Inter National Code Publishing Company Of New York, Having The Unusual Page Arrangement Of Parallel Statements In Three Languages — Eng Lish, French And Italian. The Author Is Jerome Internoscia Of Montreal, A Member Of The ...
Code
Code, A Term Now Generally Confined To Jurisprudence, And Used To Designate A Sys Tematic Compilation Of Law Authorized By Gov Ernmental Authority To Take The Place Of Prior I Existing Law. It Is In This Sense Applied To The Codes Of Theodosius, Justinian And Napoleon. The Word Is Used ...
Codein Codeine
Codeine, Codein, Codeina, Or Codeia (gr. Modem, "poppy-head"), A Veg Etable Alkaloid Closely Allied To Morphine And Constituting About 0.5 Per Cent Of The Weight Of Opium. Codeine Has The Formula Ci:ho (cho No.4-h2o, And Is Known To The Chemist As Methylmorphine, Since It Is Derived From Morphine By Substituting ...
Codex
Codex, With The Ancients, The Trunk Of A Tree Stripped Of The Bark. Before The Invention Of Paper, Wooden Tablets Covered With Wax, Which Were Written On With The Style And Put Together In The Shape Of A Book, Were Called Codex. The Word Was Afterward Retained, In Times When ...
Codex Sinaiticus
Codex Sinaiticus, A Very Ancient And Valuable Manuscript Of The Greek Septuagint Version Of The Old Testament (including The Apocrypha), The Whole Of The New Testament, The Epistle Of Barnabas, And A Part Of The Shepherd Of Hennas/ Discovered In The Monastery Of Saint Cathenne, On Mount Sinai, By The ...
Cody
Cody, William Frederick, American Scout, Hunter And Showman, Best Known As "burralo Bill": B. Scott County, Iowa, 26 Feb. 1846; D. Denver, Colo., 10 Jan. 1917. His Parents Moved To The Country About Fort Leavenworth, Kan., Where In 1856 The Father Was Stabbed B7 A White Man, Named Dunn, For ...
Cody_2
Cody, Wyo., Village And County-seat Of Park County, Situated On The Shoshone River At The Northwest Terminus Of The Chicago, Bur Lington And Quincy Railroad. It Takes Its Name From Its Founder, Col. W. F. Cody (buffalo Bill) And Was Incorporated In 1900. It Is At The Eastern Entrance To ...
Coeducation
Coeducation, A Term Meaning Joint Education, Has Come To Be Specifically.applied To, The Instruction Of Both Sexes, As A Smgle Body In The Same Classes Of The Same Educational Institutions. Coeducation Was First Tried On A Large Scale In The United States And Has Reached Its Fullest Development Here. Indeed ...
Coercion
Coercion. A Term Employed In Political Science To Describe The Means (principally Non Judicial) For Securing Obedience To Law. State When The Southern States Issued Their Ordinances Of Secession In 1860 To 1861, The Action Constituted An Effort To Nullify The Action Of The Federal Government Upon In Dividuals By ...
Coffee
Coffee, The Seed Of A Small Evergreen Tree, Which Is Cultivated In Tropical Countries, Supposed To Be Native To Abyssinia, Although It Was Early Found In Arabia. The Plant Be Longs To The Genus Coffea, Order Rubiacece. In The Wild State It Grows To A Height Of From 6 To ...
Coffin
Coffin, William Anderson, American Painter: B. Allegheny, Pa., 31 Jan. 1855. He Was Graduated At Yale 1874, Studied Art In The United States 1874-77, And Then In Paris Under Leon Bonnat 1877432. He Opened A Studio In New York 1882, And Has Become Well Known As A Painter Of Landscapes ...
Cohen
Cohen, Solomon Solis, American Physi Cian: B. Philadelphia, 1 Sept. 1857. He Was Graduated From The Central High School In 1872 (with The Degree Of A.b.) And After Some Years Of Work As A Bookkeeper And Teacher Studied Medicine And Was Graduated From Jef Ferson Medical College In 1f183. From ...
Cohesion
Cohesion, The Force By Which The Vari Ous Particles Of The Same Material Are Kept In Contact, Forming One Continuous Mass. Its Action Is Secn In A Solid Mass Of Matter, The Parts Of Which Cohere With A Certain Force Which Resists Any Mechanical Action That Would Tend To Separate ...
Coice
Coice, Kok, Silt Edward, English Jurist: B. Mileham, Norfolk, 1 Feb. 1552; D. Stoke Pogis, 3 Sept. 1634. He Yvas Educated At Trin Ity College, Cambridge. From The University He Went To London And Entered The Inner Temple. He Pleaded His First Cause In 1578 And The Fol Lowing Year ...
Coinage
Coinage, The Process Of Converting An Authorized Alloy Of The Money Metals Into The Circulable Coin Of The Country. The Metal Is Alloyed And Cast Into Ingots Of Sizes Suitable To The Production Of The Denomination Of The Coins Required. Thus, For The Double Eagles, Our Largest Coin, The Ingot ...
Coins
Coins, Foreign, American Equivalent Of. — As The Monetary Value Of National Coins Is Subject To Frequent Change, It Is Impossible To Prepare . A Statement Which Would Correctly Specify The Value Of Any Particular Coin At Any Future Time. As Such Changes Are Correspond Ingly Slight, However, The Following ...
Coins 223
Coins 223 In All Annealing Of Strips In The Wood-fire Fur Naces The Strips Were Superposed Unavoidably, And It Was Not Always Easy To Determine When The Draft Reached A Uniform Cherry-redness. Delays And Refractory Metal Were Common With The Old Method Of Anneali,pg. Besides, The Method Was The Reverse ...