In the United States the closest resemblance to such festivals is found in the Saengerfest and the Eisteddfod. At a recent Welsh cele bration in Pittsburgh by Cambro-Americans the chief interest was music, although there were competitions in other arts. The choirs came from the mills, mines and factories for the most part. For Christmas and other festivals by various sorts of communities, see FESTIVALS.
Instrumental Music.— There are many nur series of instrumental music scattered over the great cities of the world, but perhaps the most significant of them all is the Music School Set tlement on the East Side of New York. In 1917 there were 1,100 enrolled pupils, as well as an "outside* department and a very long wait ing list, with a staff of 100 teachers. There are four orchestras, aggregating 200 players, a wind instrument department, a musical bureau which secured over 300 paid engagements for pupils in 1916, a library of 2,500 readers, an instrument department with 100 instruments for the use of pupils, lectures, concerts, festivals and plays. There is a social centre in charge of a head resident and her assistants who man age the various clubs, etc., and help the music teachers in the effort to develop the children physically, mentally and morally. There are 15 nationalities represented; and the terms to pupils run from 50 cents for an individual les. son to 10 cents for a class lesson. A limited number of scholarships are provided for tal ented pupils who cannot pay these fees. The Maidstone movement in England is of the same type.
The National Union of School Orchestras, London, was founded in 1905, giving its first performance at the Crystal Palace with 700 girl and boy violinists, with such success that in 1914 the performance at the Crystal Palace was given by 6,800 children. But even these figures represent but a small fraction of violin-playing children over the kingdom; for with 5,000 schools having orchestras already formed there are at least 200,000 children who are mem bers or adherents of the Union. There are scholarships which entitle the winners to ad vanced instruction at the Guildhall School of Music. The official mouthpiece of the organ ization is The Young Musician, published monthly in London for one penny. The various objects and interests of the National Union of School Orchestras, as well as many other im portant matters, are discussed by Mr. Paul Stoeving, 'A New Mission for the Violin' (in the Proceedings for 1915 of the Music Teach ers' National Association, Hartford, Conn.,
1915).
A curious and remarkably successful at tempt to increase violin playing in Great Britain was made recently by a firm of musical instrument makers who distributed complete violin outfits for the moderate sum of $5. In a short time no fewer than 400,000 people had received instruments.
The Music Teachers' National Association with headquarters in Hartford, Conn., have a special committee for community music.
Bibliography.— Anon., 'The Community Chorus Song Book' (in the Illinois State Reg ister, Springfield, Ill., 1915); Anon., 'Great Modern Choral Work> (in the Outlook, Vol. XC, p. 810, New York 1908) ; Barnhouse, C. L., 'Organizing and Training Community Bands and Orchestras' (Oskaloosa, Iowa) ; Dykema, Peter, 'Community Music : an Opportunity' (in the Journal of the Proceedings and Addresses of the National Educational Association of the United States, pp. 627-33, 1914) ; id., 'Some Essential Passing-tones: Certain Phases in the Community Music Movement' (in the Proceed ings for 1915 of the Music Teachers' National Association, p. 182, Hartford 1916); Engel, C., 'An Introduction to the Study of National Music: comprising researches into popular songs traditions and customs' (London 1866; contains excellent bibliographies of many nations) ; id. 'Literature of National (London 1879, with excellent descriptive bibli ographies) ; Erb, J. L., 'The Musician and the Community> (in the Proceedings for 1916 of the Music Teachers' National Association, Hartford 1917); Farwell, Arthur, 'Com munity Music and the Music Teacher' (in the Proceedings for 1916 of the Music Teachers' National Association, ib. 1917) ; id., 'Com munity Music Drama' in the Craftsman, Vol. XXVI, p. 418, New York 1914) ; id., 'Municipal Music in New York' (in the Proceedings for 1913 of the Music Teachers' National Associa tion, Hartford 1914) ; Harding, A. A., 'The Band as a Community Asset' (in the Proceed ings for 1915 of the Music Teachers' National Association, p. 188, Hartford 1916) ; Mees, Arthur, 'Choirs and Choral Music' (New York 1901); Parkhurst, E. R., 'Canada's Champion Choir' (in the Canadian Magazine, Vol. XLVIII, p. 343, Toronto 1907); Surette, T. W., 'Community Music' (in 'Music and Life,' Chap. 4 Boston 1917) ; Wilson, A. B., 'Com munity Work in Music' (in the Musician, Vol. XIV, p. 251, Boston 1909).